Human health and medicine

Cisatracurium

Cisatracurium (Nimbex) is an intermediate-acting, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug, the single active isomer of atracurium, used with general anesthesia for intubation, surgery, and mechanical ventilation.

Cisplatin

Cisplatin (cis-PtCl2(NH3)2), a platinum chemotherapy drug discovered accidentally by Barnett Rosenberg in 1965, FDA-approved 1978; cures over 90% of testicular cancers by cross-linking DNA, limited by nephro-, neuro-, and ototoxicity and resistance.

Cisplatin and gemcitabine regimen

The cisplatin and gemcitabine regimen (GC or GemCis) is a two-drug intravenous chemotherapy combination pairing cisplatin with gemcitabine, established as standard first-line therapy for advanced biliary tract cancer by the 2010 ABC-02 trial.

Cisplatin and pemetrexed

Cisplatin and pemetrexed is a combination chemotherapy regimen approved in the United States and European Union in 2004, used mainly as first-line treatment of mesothelioma and nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer.

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is cancer treatment in which the platinum drug cisplatin anchors multi-drug regimens for solid tumors, and is best known for making metastatic testicular cancer largely curable.

Cisplatin/paclitaxel regimen

The cisplatin/paclitaxel (TP) regimen is a combination chemotherapy doublet pairing cisplatin with paclitaxel, the accepted first-line treatment for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer, though responses are short-lived.

Cisplatin/vinorelbine regimen

The cisplatin/vinorelbine regimen is a two-drug chemotherapy combination pairing cisplatin with vinorelbine, used mainly for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and, less often, mesothelioma.

Citalopram

Citalopram (Celexa, Cipramil) is a racemic SSRI antidepressant approved by the FDA in 1998 for adult depression and used for panic disorder; its S-enantiomer is escitalopram, with modest efficacy differences debated.

Citraka haritaki

Citraka haritaki (Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha) is a semisolid Ayurvedic confection of Plumbago zeylanica, Terminalia chebula, decoctions, jaggery, and honey, dosed 6–12 g with milk for cough, asthma, and digestive disorders.

Citrakadi Curna

Citrakadi Cirna (Citrakādi Cūrṇa, Chitrakadi Churna) is a classical Ayurvedic powder built on Plumbago zeylanica root with pungent herbs, ksharas, and five salts, dosed 3 g with warm water for agnimandya, grahani, and Kapha disorders; monographed in API Part II Vol III.

Citrakadi Gutika

Citrakadi Gutika (Chitrakadi Vati), AFI000355, a classical Ayurvedic pill with Plumbago zeylanica, pungent spices, and salts, used for Agnimandya, Amadosha, and Grahani (IBS), dose 250-500 mg.

Citrakadi Taila

Citrakadi Taila (Citrakādi Taila, चित्रकादि), also spelled Chitrakadi Taila, is an Ayurvedic medicated sesame oil from Sushruta Samhita, standardized in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, applied externally for bhagandara (fistula-in-ano).

City Harvest (United States)

City Harvest is New York City's first and largest food rescue nonprofit, founded 1982, delivering surplus food via 23 trucks to 400+ pantries and soup kitchens; rescued 78.8M pounds in FY2024, over one billion pounds cumulative.

City Of Hope National Medical Center

City of Hope National Medical Center, in Duarte, California, is the flagship hospital of City of Hope, an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center founded in 1913 as a tuberculosis sanatorium, known for synthetic insulin, monoclonal antibodies, and bone marrow transplantation.

Civorebrutinib

Civorebrutinib, also known as EVER001 or 希布替尼, is an investigational oral, covalent reversible BTK inhibitor developed by Everest Medicines for proteinuric autoimmune kidney diseases such as membranous nephropathy.

CK syndrome

CK syndrome (X-linked intellectual disability-microcephaly-cortical malformation-thin habitus syndrome) is a rare X-linked recessive NSDHL-related disorder with intellectual disability, infantile seizures, microcephaly, cortical malformations, and thin habitus; not elevated creatine kinase.

CKD-REIN study

CKD-REIN (Chronic Kidney Disease – Renal Epidemiology and Information Network) is a French prospective cohort of 3,033 adults with CKD stages 3–5 from 40 clinics (2013–2016), used for kidney failure risk prediction including KFRE eGFR-equation comparisons.

CKiD study

The CKiD study is a North American cohort study of children with chronic kidney disease that began in 2005 and produced widely used pediatric GFR estimating equations.

Cladribine

Cladribine (2-CdA, Mavenclad, Leustatin) is a purine nucleoside analog that depletes B and T lymphocytes; used for hairy cell leukemia since 1993 and as oral tablets for relapsing MS (EMA 2017, FDA 2019), dosed 3.5 mg/kg over 2 years.

Claims database analysis

Claims database analysis is observational research using insurance billing records, generated for payment rather than research, to study health care utilization, costs, treatment patterns, and outcomes in epidemiology.

CLAPO syndrome

CLAPO syndrome, also known as Lopez-Gutierrez syndrome, is a rare vascular malformation condition first described in 2008, caused by PIK3CA mutations and marked by lower lip and lymphatic malformations with overgrowth.

Clara Barton

Clara Barton (Clarissa Harlowe Barton, 1821-1912), Civil War nurse known as the Angel of the Battlefield, founded the American Red Cross on May 21, 1881, led it 23 years, ran the Missing Soldiers Office, and pioneered peacetime disaster relief.

Clarithromycin

Clarithromycin (Biaxin, A-56268, TE-031), a semisynthetic 14-membered macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin by Taisho Pharmaceutical, approved in the US in 1991; binds the 50S ribosomal subunit, dosed twice daily, strong CYP3A4 inhibitor with QT-prolongation risk.

CLARITY trial

CLARITY (CLAdRIbine Tablets treating multiple sclerosis orallY), NCT00213135: 96-week phase 3 double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral cladribine tablets in 1,326 relapsing-remitting MS patients; relapse rate 0.14 vs 0.33, main adverse event lymphopenia.

Clark-Baraitser syndrome

Clark-Baraitser syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by TRIP12 gene variants, marked by intellectual disability, obesity, macrocephaly, and autistic-like behavior, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.

Class I glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Class I G6PD deficiency, also called severe hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency, is a rare X-linked enzyme disorder with under 10% residual G6PD activity causing chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia, retained as WHO class A in 2022.

Class II division 2 malocclusion

Class II division 2 malocclusion (ICD-11 DA0E.50): an Angle-classified bite with distal molar occlusion, retroclined upper central incisors, and deep overbite; treatment evidence lacks randomized trials.

CLASS-04 trial

CLASS-04 (NCT02845986) is a Chinese phase 2 single-arm trial of laparoscopic spleen-preserving No. 10 lymph node dissection with total gastrectomy for locally advanced upper-third gastric cancer: 251 patients, 19 centers, 3-year OS 79.1%, DFS 73.1%.

Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (classic 21-OHD, CYP21A2 deficiency): severe autosomal recessive cortisol and aldosterone deficiency with prenatal androgen excess, salt-wasting or simple virilizing forms, treated with hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and newly approved crinecerfont.