Human health and medicine

Ciclopirox

Ciclopirox, a hydroxypyridone topical antifungal (ATC D01AE14), treats skin and nail fungal infections via iron chelation, not ergosterol inhibition; sold as 0.77% cream, 1% shampoo, and 8% nail lacquer, with low resistance potential and investigational anticancer and antibacterial uses.

Ciclosporin

Ciclosporin (cyclosporine, cyclosporin A, CsA), a cyclic undecapeptide calcineurin inhibitor from Tolypocladium inflatum, approved 1983; prevents transplant rejection and treats autoimmune disease, with nephrotoxicity and narrow therapeutic index.

Cidofovir anhydrous

Cidofovir anhydrous (HPMPC, UNII 768M1V522C) is an acyclic phosphonate nucleotide antiviral, C8H14N3O6P, MW 279.19, marketed as Vistide; FDA-approved June 1996 for CMV retinitis in AIDS, dosed IV every other week with probenecid, dose-limited by nephrotoxicity.

CIELAB color space

CIELAB (CIE 1976 L*a*b) is the CIE's 1976 perceptually oriented, device-independent color space with L lightness, a green-red and b blue-yellow axes, ΔE*ab Euclidean color difference, based on Hunter-Lab and ANLAB, used in printing, ICC, and color QC.

Ciguatera fish poisoning

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), ciguatera, is seafood poisoning from ciguatoxins made by Gambierdiscus dinoflagellates and concentrated in large reef fish; 10,000–50,000 cases yearly, temperature reversal hallmark, fatality under 0.1%.

CIHMP trial

CIHMP trial (Clinical Impact of Hypothermic Machine Perfusion in Renal Transplant Recipients, NCT02621281): Chinese randomized trial, 400 participants, comparing hypothermic kidney machine perfusion with static cold storage for delayed graft function.

Cilazapril

Cilazapril (Inhibace) is a Roche pyridazine ACE inhibitor prodrug, hydrolyzed to cilazaprilat, used once daily at 2.5–5 mg for hypertension and congestive heart failure; ATC C09AA08, introduced 1991.

Cilengitide

Cilengitide (EMD 121974) is a cyclic RGD pentapeptide inhibiting αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins, developed by Merck KGaA as an antiangiogenic cancer drug; its phase 3 CENTRIC glioblastoma trial failed and development was discontinued in 2013.

Cilexetil

Cilexetil is the ester promoiety in candesartan cilexetil (Atacand), the oral prodrug of the angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan, hydrolyzed in the gut, dosed 2-32 mg once daily for hypertension and heart failure.

Ciliary block glaucoma

Ciliary block glaucoma (malignant glaucoma, aqueous misdirection; ICD-11 9C61.35): rare secondary angle-closure glaucoma with aqueous misdirection into the vitreous, forward lens-iris displacement, and raised IOP despite patent iridotomy; treated with cycloplegics and vitrectomy.

Ciliary muscle

The ciliary muscle (musculus ciliaris) is a ring of smooth muscle in the eye's ciliary body whose contraction lets the lens focus on near objects, a process called accommodation.

Ciliopathy

Ciliopathy: genetic disorders caused by defective cilia or basal bodies, including polycystic kidney disease, Bardet-Biedl, Joubert, and Meckel syndromes, plus motile-cilia primary ciliary dyskinesia; 35 reported ciliopathies, 187 established genes.

Cilmostim

Cilmostim is the international nonproprietary name for a recombinant form of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1), a phase 3 investigational protein targeting the CSF1R receptor that is not an approved medicine.

Cilnidipine

Cilnidipine (FRC8653), a fourth-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker blocking both L-type and N-type calcium channels, treats essential hypertension; trials show efficacy similar to amlodipine with added proteinuria reduction in chronic kidney disease.

Cilofexor

Cilofexor (GS-9674, formerly Px-104) is an oral nonsteroidal agonist of the farnesoid X receptor developed by Gilead for liver diseases, whose phase 3 PSC trial ended early for futility.

Cilomilast

Cilomilast (Ariflo, SB 207499) is an oral, second-generation, PDE4D-selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor developed by GSK for COPD and asthma; modest phase III efficacy, gastrointestinal side effects, and FDA non-approval led to discontinuation.

Cilostazol

Cilostazol (Pletal, Ekistol) is a PDE3 and adenosine-uptake inhibitor approved in 1999 for intermittent claudication in peripheral arterial disease; contraindicated in heart failure, EMA-restricted in 2011, with 40-60% walking-distance gains versus placebo.

CILP study

Child and Infant Learning Project (CILP), NCT00077831: Seattle Children's Hospital longitudinal study led by Matt Speltz on cognitive and motor development in single-suture craniosynostosis, with 125 matched case-control pairs showing presurgery delays.

Ciltacabtagene autoleucel

Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel, Carvykti, JNJ-68284528) is a BCMA-directed autologous CAR T-cell therapy by Janssen for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, FDA-approved February 2022 and expanded to second-line use in April 2024.

Cimetidine

Cimetidine (Tagamet), a histamine H2-receptor antagonist developed by James Black's team at Smith Kline & French and approved in England in 1976; the first $1-billion-a-year drug and a breakthrough ulcer treatment.

Cimetropium

Cimetropium (cimetropium bromide) is a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic antispasmodic, a semisynthetic scopolamine derivative (ATC A03BB05) studied for irritable bowel syndrome and infantile colic; never approved in the US or Canada.

Cinacalcet

Cinacalcet (Sensipar, Mimpara) is a calcimimetic, a positive allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor; first FDA-approved calcimimetic (2004) and first approved allosteric GPCR modulator, used for dialysis-related secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia.

CINCA syndrome

CINCA syndrome, also called NOMID or Prieur-Griscelli syndrome, is the severe neonatal-onset end of the NLRP3-related cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, causing urticarial rash, aseptic meningitis, hearing loss, and destructive arthropathy, treated with anti-IL-1 drugs.

Cinchophen

Cinchophen (atophan), 2-phenylcinchoninic acid, a quinoline NSAID introduced in 1908 by Nicolaier and Dohrn; uricosuric gout drug withdrawn for idiosyncratic liver toxicity, the first recognized non-dose-related drug-induced hepatic injury.

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) is a nonprofit pediatric health system in Cincinnati, Ohio, founded 1883; home of the Sabin oral polio vaccine, second in NIH pediatric research funding, and a 20-year U.S. News Honor Roll hospital.

Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale

Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS): a 1997 three-item prehospital stroke screen (facial droop, arm drift, abnormal speech) simplified from the NIH Stroke Scale; pooled sensitivity about 82%, specificity about 57%, and 82% sensitivity for large vessel occlusion at a cut-off of 2 or more items.

Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cine MRI (cine CMR, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine) is a cardiac MRI technique using ECG-gated bSSFP sequences to display heart motion as a movie loop and quantify ventricular volumes and ejection fraction, the reference standard for LV systolic function.

Cinepazide

Cinepazide (cinepazide maleate, 马来酸桂哌齐特) is a piperazine vasodilator, weak calcium channel blocker and adenosine potentiator. Its tablets were withdrawn abroad over agranulocytosis; the injection remains approved in China for acute ischemic stroke.

Cineradiography

Cineradiography (cinefluorography, radiocinematography): motion picture recording of successive fluoroscopic X-ray images. Pioneered by Macintyre 1896-97 and Reynolds from 1921; made practical by 1953 image intensifiers; used for swallowing, cardiac, and joint motion studies before video replaced it.