25,729 articles
COVID-19 Serotherapy
COVID-19 serotherapy transfers SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to patients via convalescent plasma, hyperimmune immunoglobulin, or monoclonal antibodies. FDA authorized plasma in 2020, narrowed it to immunosuppressed patients in 2021, licensed it in 2024, and revoked the EUA in 2025.
COVID-19 testing
COVID-19 testing detects infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, using specimens from the nose or mouth. Two main viral tests are used: PCR and rapid antigen tests.
COVID-19 vaccination in India
India's national COVID-19 vaccination program, launched 16 January 2021 with Covishield and Covaxin, using Co-WIN; over 220 crore doses by 2024, 97% of ages 12+ with one dose.
COVID-19 vaccine
COVID-19 vaccines protect against SARS-CoV-2 by presenting its spike protein; types include mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) and protein subunit (Novavax). First EUAs December 2020; efficacy 94-95% in trials; formulas updated annually, 2026-2027 targeting XFG.
COVID-BioB study
COVID-BioB (NCT04318366) is a single-center prospective observational cohort and biobank at IRCCS San Raffaele, Milan, enrolling hospitalized adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 since March 2020 to find predictors of severity, mortality, and treatment response.
COVIP study
COVIP (NCT04321265) was a prospective international observational study of ICU patients aged 70+ with COVID-19, run by the ESICM VIP project across 376 ICUs in 44 countries; it showed frailty predicted 30- and 90-day survival better than age.
COVSurf trial
COVSurf (NCT04362059) was a UK phase-2 randomized pilot trial of nebulized bovine surfactant (Alveofact) in ventilated severe COVID-19 patients; feasible but no oxygenation improvement at 48 hours.
CoWIN
CoWIN (COVID-19 Vaccine Intelligence Network) is India's government-run web platform for COVID-19 vaccination registration, scheduling, stock tracking, and digital certificates, launched 16 January 2021, built from eVIN, handling over two billion doses and offered internationally as a digital public good.
Cox maze procedure
Cox maze procedure (Cox-maze IV), a cardiac surgery devised by James L. Cox in 1987 that creates scar lesions in both atria to block atrial fibrillation signals; success 80-90%, gold standard surgical ablation.
Coxopodopatellar syndrome
Coxopodopatellar syndrome, also called small patella syndrome or Scott-Taor syndrome (OMIM 147891), is a rare autosomal dominant TBX4-related skeletal dysplasia with absent or small kneecaps, pelvic and foot anomalies, and sometimes pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Coxsackie carditis
Coxsackie carditis: heart inflammation (myocarditis, pericarditis) caused by coxsackievirus B, chiefly CVB3, the most common cause of infectious myocarditis; injury is viral then autoimmune; treatment supportive.
CP fascia trial
CP fascia trial (NCT06837025), a Finnish pilot RCT comparing Stecco fascial manipulation with traditional stretching in 20 children aged 7-14 with spastic cerebral palsy, GMFCS II-III, one weekly session for 8 weeks; feasibility-focused, results expected 2027.
CPC-N
CPC-N (CVCL_1146, RRID:CVCL_1146; synonyms CPC.N, CPCN, CPN) is a human small cell lung carcinoma cell line established in 1987 from a pleural effusion metastasis, distributed by DSMZ as ACC-306, TP53-mutant and microsatellite stable.
Cpi 613
CPI-613 (devimistat) is a lipoate-analog anticancer drug inhibiting mitochondrial PDH and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; its phase III trials AVENGER 500 (pancreatic cancer) and ARMADA 2000 (AML) both failed their primary endpoints.
CPIC trial
CPIC trial (Community Partners in Care, NCT01699789): cluster-randomized Los Angeles trial of 95 programs and 1,246 depressed adults comparing community coalition engagement (CEP) versus technical assistance (RS) for depression care.
Crack cocaine
Crack cocaine is the smokable free base of cocaine, sold as rocks, named for the crackling sound when heated. Emerged in New York City in 1985, drove the 1980s US crack epidemic and the 100-to-1 federal sentencing disparity, later reduced by the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010.
Crack epidemic in the United States
Crack epidemic in the United States: 1980s surge of smokable crack cocaine, hitting full force in 1985 and reaching 28 states by 1986, driving addiction, violence, the 100:1 sentencing disparity, and lasting harm to young Black males.
Crackles
Crackles: brief, discontinuous adventitious lung sounds heard on auscultation, typical of fibrotic ILD, pneumonia, and heart failure; also called crepitations, with moderate interobserver reliability and automated detection via computerized lung sound analysis.
Cradle cap
Cradle cap, also called infantile seborrheic dermatitis, is a harmless, non-contagious scaly scalp rash common in babies under three months, affecting about 70% of three-month-olds, clearing by 6-12 months, treated with gentle shampooing and oil softening.
Cramp
Cramp: sudden, involuntary, painful skeletal muscle contraction, self-resolving in seconds to minutes; common in calf, thigh, feet, hands; mechanisms debated (spinal vs peripheral); treated by stretching; quinine restricted.
Cramp or spasm
Cramp or spasm (ICD-11 MB47.3): a sudden, involuntary, painful muscle contraction lasting seconds to minutes, common in calves; usually benign, with debated spinal versus peripheral origin and limited drug treatment options.
Cramp-fasciculation syndrome
Cramp-fasciculation syndrome (CFS) is a benign peripheral nerve hyperexcitability disorder causing cramps, muscle twitching, stiffness, and exercise intolerance without weakness; named by Tahmoush in 1991 and treated with carbamazepine.
Crane-Heise syndrome
Crane-Heise syndrome (OMIM 218090) is a very rare, lethal autosomal recessive disorder first described in 1981, with about nine reported cases, marked by poorly mineralized skull, absent clavicles, vertebral agenesis, cleft palate, and intrauterine growth retardation.
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is a neuromodulation treatment delivering weak electrical current through electrodes on the eyelids, earlobes, or temples to treat anxiety, depression, and insomnia.
Cranial irradiation
Cranial irradiation is radiotherapy delivered to the brain or skull, used to treat brain tumors and metastases and, as prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI), to prevent central nervous system relapse.
Cranial meningocele
Cranial meningocele (cranial hydromeningocele, congenital cerebral meningocele) is a rare congenital defect in which meninges and CSF herniate through a skull defect without brain tissue, distinguishing it from encephalocele; treated surgically with excellent prognosis.
Cranial nerves
Cranial nerves: twelve paired nerves (I–XII, plus controversial cranial nerve zero) emerging from the brain and brainstem, innervating head and neck structures, with nuclei organized in sensory and motor columns in the brainstem.
Craniectomy
A craniectomy is a neurosurgical operation removing part of the skull to relieve pressure on a swollen brain, most often after traumatic brain injury or malignant stroke.
Cranio-cervical dystonia with laryngeal and upper-limb involvement
Cranio-cervical dystonia with laryngeal and upper-limb involvement, or DYT24, is a rare genetic dystonia combining cervical, laryngeal, and facial symptoms with tremor, caused by ANO3 variants.
Cranio-osteoarthropathy
Cranio-osteoarthropathy, also known as Currarino disease, is an exceptionally rare autosomal recessive form of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy marked by delayed closure of cranial sutures and clubbed digits.