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Cremaster muscle
The cremaster muscle, Latin musculus cremaster, is a thin muscle layer in males that runs along the spermatic cord and raises the testis to regulate its temperature.
Crenezumab
Crenezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against beta-amyloid developed by Genentech and Roche to treat and prevent Alzheimer's disease, discontinued after failing phase 3 trials.
Crenolanib
Crenolanib (CP-868,596-26, crenolanib besylate) is an oral second-generation type I FLT3 and PDGFR inhibitor for FLT3-mutated AML, active against ITD and TKD mutations, not FDA-approved, with phase 3 trials versus midostaurin and in salvage therapy.
Crepitus
Crepitus: medical term for popping, cracking, grinding joint sounds or sensations, from gas cavitation, tendon snapping, or cartilage wear; also bony grating in fractures and subcutaneous crackling; common, usually benign without pain.
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome, the historical name for limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, combines calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia; also called Thibierge-Weissenbach syndrome, with anticentromere antibodies and late pulmonary hypertension.
CREST trial
CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial), NIH-sponsored randomized trial of 2,502 patients comparing carotid artery stenting with endarterectomy: similar composite outcomes, more periprocedural stroke with stenting, more MI with surgery.
CRETA trial
CRETA trial (EudraCT 2018-002948-88, NCT04131543): Italian phase II single-arm study of cabozantinib in pretreated advanced RET-rearranged NSCLC, sponsored by University of Bologna, 25 planned patients; prematurely ended with no published results.
Cretostimogene grenadenorepvec
Cretostimogene grenadenorepvec (CG0070) is an intravesical oncolytic adenovirus immunotherapy by CG Oncology for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC; phase III BOND-003 showed 75% complete response with no grade 3 or higher adverse events.
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), also called classic CJD, is a rare, always fatal human prion disease causing rapidly progressive dementia, about 1–2 cases per million yearly, mostly sporadic, distinct from variant CJD linked to BSE beef.
CRH stimulation test
The CRH stimulation test is an endocrine diagnostic procedure in which intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone provokes ACTH and cortisol secretion, mainly to separate pituitary from ectopic causes of Cushing's syndrome.
CRHC trial
CRHC trial (CRHCP, China Rural Hypertension Control Project), NCT03527719: cluster-randomized trial in 326 rural Chinese villages, 33,995 hypertensive adults, testing village doctor-led intensive blood pressure control; 57.0% vs 19.9% control at 18 months, reduced CVD risk and dementia.
CRIC study
The CRIC study, formally the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study, is a US observational study following about 3,600 adults with chronic kidney disease, established by the NIDDK in 2001.
Cricoid pressure
Cricoid pressure, also called the Sellick maneuver, is firm backward pressure on the cricoid cartilage during rapid anesthesia induction, introduced by B.A. Sellick in 1961.
Cricothyroidotomy
Cricothyroidotomy is an emergency surgical airway procedure that cuts through the cricothyroid membrane in the front of the neck to place a tube into the trachea.
Cricothyrotomy
Cricothyrotomy (cricothyroidotomy, coniotomy): emergency surgical airway through the cricothyroid membrane for CICO scenarios; scalpel and puncture techniques, complications, history, and prehospital outcomes.
Cridanimod
Cridanimod (Cycloferon, Neovir) is an acridone small-molecule immunomodulator, ATC L03AX18, that induces interferon alpha/beta and progesterone receptor expression; investigated in phase 2 endometrial cancer trials, no FDA approval.
Crisaborole
Crisaborole (Eucrisa), a boron-containing topical PDE-4 inhibitor ointment 2%, FDA-approved 2016 for mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis, ages 3 months and older since 2020; modest efficacy, application-site burning common.
Crisantaspase
Crisantaspase (Erwinia asparaginase; recombinant JZP-458, Rylaze/Enrylaze) is an L-asparaginase from Erwinia chrysanthemi used in ALL/LBL after hypersensitivity or silent inactivation to E. coli asparaginase.
Crisis hotline
A crisis hotline, also called a crisis line, is a phone, text, or chat service offering confidential emotional support to people in acute distress, including suicide risk.
Crisis intervention
Crisis intervention is a short-term psychological method providing immediate support, assessment, and stabilization during acute mental health crises, restoring coping before referral to longer-term care.
Crisponi syndrome
Crisponi syndrome, the infantile form of cold-induced sweating syndrome (CISS, Sohar-Crisponi syndrome), is a rare autosomal recessive CRLF1/CLCF1 disorder with neonatal tetanus-like contractions, hyperthermia, camptodactyly, and later cold-induced sweating.
CRISPR–Cas9 delivery
CRISPR–Cas9 delivery is the set of methods used to transport the Cas9 genome-editing machinery into cells, widely considered the main barrier to in vivo CRISPR therapy.
Crisscross heart
Crisscross heart (CCH), also called superoinferior ventricles or twisted atrioventricular connections, is a rare congenital malformation with crossed ventricular inflow streams from twisting of the heart about its long axis, prevalence about 1/125,000 live births.
Crisugabalin
Crisugabalin (HSK16149) is a third-generation oral calcium channel α2δ ligand GABA analog by Haisco, approved in China for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and postherpetic neuralgia, studied also for postoperative and central neuropathic pain.
Critical Care
Critical care (intensive care) is the specialty treating critically ill patients in ICUs. Born from Copenhagen's 1952 polio epidemic and Bjorn Ibsen's first ICU (1953), it now uses closed units, severity scoring, and sepsis guidelines.
Critical care medicine
Critical Care Medicine (Crit Care Med) is the monthly peer-reviewed official journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins since 1973, with a 2025 impact factor of 7.5 and fully online format since January 2025.
Critical care nurse
A critical care nurse is a registered nurse specializing in the care of patients with acute, life-threatening illness or injury, usually in an intensive care unit requiring continuous monitoring.
Critical period
Critical period: a limited developmental window when experience is essential for normal brain development and its absence causes permanent change; classic model is Hubel and Wiesel's ocular dominance plasticity in cat visual cortex, distinct from broader sensitive periods.
Crizanlizumab
Crizanlizumab (Adakveo, SEG101) is a humanized IgG2 anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody approved by FDA in 2019 to reduce vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease; the EU withdrew it in 2023 after the STAND trial failed to confirm benefit.
Crizotinib
Crizotinib (Xalkori) is an oral ALK, MET, and ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2011 and EMA in 2012 for ALK-positive and ROS1-positive NSCLC, limited by poor CNS penetration and G2032R resistance.