25,729 articles
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease: chronic inflammatory bowel disease of the digestive tract, first described in 1932 as regional ileitis by Crohn, Ginzburg, and Oppenheimer; treated with biologics, immunomodulators, and surgery.
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS), a rare nonhereditary gastrointestinal polyposis disorder with alopecia, nail dystrophy, hyperpigmentation, diarrhea, and protein-losing enteropathy; first described 1955, over 500 cases, mostly Japan, treated with corticosteroids.
Cross Reactions
Cross Reactions (cross-reactivity): serological reactions where an antiserum against one antigen also reacts with a closely related, non-identical antigen; basis of allergy cross-reactivity, immunoassay interference, and serology false positives.
Cross-circulation (surgery)
Cross-circulation is a surgical technique in which a second person, usually a parent, served as the living oxygenator for a child undergoing open-heart surgery at the University of Minnesota from 1954.
Cross-dominance
Cross-dominance (crossed laterality, mixed dominance): dominant hand and dominant eye on opposite body sides. Affects marksmanship learning (86.1% vs 56.5% rifle qualification) but shows no reliable link to academic achievement or intelligence.
Cross-matching
Cross-matching (crossmatch) is pretransfusion testing mixing patient plasma with donor red cells to detect ABO and IgG antibody incompatibility before transfusion. Methods include immediate spin, IAT (Coombs), and computer crossmatch; introduced in 1907 by Hektoen and Ottenberg.
Cross-sectional study
Cross-sectional study: an observational epidemiologic design (a survey) measuring exposures and outcomes simultaneously in a population sample; yields prevalence and prevalence ratios, not incidence or causal proof.
Crotamiton
Crotamiton (Eurax, Crotan) is a topical 10% cream or lotion scabicidal and antipruritic drug for scabies and itching; mechanism unknown, less effective than permethrin, favored in infants for low toxicity.
Croup
Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) is a viral childhood illness of the larynx and trachea causing barking cough, hoarseness, and inspiratory stridor, mostly from parainfluenza virus, treated with dexamethasone and nebulized epinephrine.
Crovalimab
Crovalimab (Piasky, SKY59, RO7112689) is a recycling anti-C5 monoclonal antibody approved in 2024 for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, given subcutaneously every 4 weeks after IV loading; non-inferior to eculizumab in COMMODORE 2.
Crown lengthening
Crown lengthening is a periodontal surgical procedure exposing more tooth structure by repositioning gum tissue, used to restore damaged teeth or improve a gummy smile.
CRT_TriageER study
CRT_TriageER (NCT07054151) is a 2024 cross-sectional study by Sofuoglu and Başer, Izmir Democracy University, of capillary refill time in 313 emergency department patients, finding mean CRT 2.00 s, longer in red triage codes.
Cruciate ligament
The cruciate ligaments, or ligamenta cruciata, are the two crossed ligaments inside the knee, the anterior and posterior cruciate, which control front-to-back and rotational stability.
Crusekitug
Crusekitug (鲁塞奇塔单抗, QX002N) is Qyuns Therapeutics' humanized anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody for ankylosing spondylitis; Phase III met endpoints (ASAS40 40.4% vs 18.9%) and its NMPA NDA was accepted March 9, 2026.
Crush syndrome
Crush syndrome, also called Bywaters' syndrome, is systemic illness from traumatic rhabdomyolysis after prolonged compression, causing acute kidney injury, hyperkalemia, and arrhythmias; it affects 2–15% of earthquake survivors and is distinct from local crush injury.
Crushed chest
Crushed chest (ICD-11 NB33.0) is a crushing injury of the thorax, typically causing multiple rib fractures, flail chest, and pulmonary contusion; managed with analgesia, physiotherapy, and selective ventilation.
Crushing injury of ankle
Crushing injury of ankle is damage to soft tissues around the ankle joint from direct compression by an external force like a falling object, machinery, or collapsing debris.
Crushing injury of elbow
Crushing injury of elbow (ICD-11 NC37.0; ICD-10-CM S57.0) is crush trauma to the elbow from squeezing force, causing fracture, nerve injury, compartment syndrome, and infection, managed with first aid, surgery, and rehabilitation.
Crushing injury of face
Crushing injury of face (ICD-11 NA08.1) is facial tissue damage from a crushing external force, a child of NA08 crushing injury of head. Priorities are airway, hemorrhage control, fracture repair, and reconstruction.
Crushing injury of forearm
Crushing injury of forearm (ICD-11 NC37) is compressive forearm trauma causing muscle, nerve, vascular, and bone damage; key risks are acute compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomy and crush syndrome with kidney injury.
Crushing injury of hand
Crushing injury of hand (ICD-11 NC58): damage when fingers, hand, or wrist are caught between two surfaces, proportional to force and compression duration; managed by debridement, skeletal stabilisation, revascularisation, and staged reconstruction.
Crushing injury of head
Crushing injury of head (ICD-11 NA08; ICD-10 S07): damage to head tissues from a crushing external force, subdivided into brain, face, skull, and scalp crush injuries; a rare blunt-force mechanism counted among traumatic brain injury codes.
Crushing injury of hip
Crushing injury of hip (ICD-10-CM S77.0) is a non-billable category for crush injuries of the hip alone, with child codes S77.00-S77.02 by laterality, 7th characters A/D/S, and sibling codes S77.1 and S77.2.
Crushing injury of knee
Crushing injury of knee (ICD-11 NC97.0) is a crush injury from direct compressive force localized to the knee, also SNOMED CT 211595005. Risks include compartment syndrome and crush syndrome with acute kidney injury; management emphasizes early safe release and individualized fluids.
Crushing injury of lower leg
Crushing injury of lower leg (ICD-11 NC97; ICD-10-CM S87): direct compression trauma to the leg below the knee, risking compartment syndrome and crush syndrome with rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury.
Crushing injury of neck
A crushing injury of neck is an injury in which neck tissues are damaged by direct crushing force, classified in the WHO's ICD-11 under code NA62.
Crushing injury of thigh
Crushing injury of thigh (ICD-10-CM S77.1): damage to thigh soft tissue, bone, nerves, and vessels from compressive force; coded by laterality (S77.10-12) with 7th character, risks compartment syndrome and crush syndrome.
Crushing injury of wrist
Crushing injury of wrist (ICD-11 NC58.3): compressive wrist trauma damaging bone, vessels, nerves, and soft tissue, managed by debridement, skeletal stabilisation, revascularisation, flap cover, and staged reconstruction.
Crusted scabies
Crusted scabies, formerly known as Norwegian scabies, is a severe, highly contagious form of scabies in which millions of mites in thick skin crusts drive most outbreaks.
Crutches
Crutches are ambulation aids that shift body weight from the legs to the arms and torso, used after lower-limb injury or surgery. Main types are axillary, forearm (Lofstrand), and platform; proper fitting prevents crutch palsy and other injuries.