Human health and medicine

Acute undifferentiated leukemia

Acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL), part of acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage, is a rare acute leukemia whose blasts express immature markers like CD34, HLA-DR, and TdT but lack myeloid and lymphoid lineage-specific markers.

Acute urticaria

Acute urticaria, or acute hives, is mast cell-driven wheals, angioedema, or both lasting 6 weeks or less, with roughly 20% lifetime prevalence, usually self-limiting, diagnosed by history, and treated with antihistamines.

Acute vaginitis

Acute vaginitis (急性阴道炎), ICD-11 GA02.0 / ICD-10 N76.0, is acute inflammation or infection of the vagina, mainly bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, or trichomoniasis, diagnosed by pH, KOH, microscopy, and NAAT.

Acute vascular disorders of intestine

Acute vascular disorders of intestine (ICD-11 DD30) is a diagnostic category covering acute intestinal ischemia, where inadequate blood flow to the bowel can be fatal without treatment.

Acute vestibular syndrome

Acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) is a syndrome of acute-onset, continuous vertigo or unsteadiness lasting days to weeks, caused most often by vestibular neuritis or posterior circulation stroke.

Acute viral hepatitis

Acute viral hepatitis (ICD-11 1E50) is short-term liver inflammation caused mainly by hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E; A and E are fecal–oral and self-limiting, B, C, D are bloodborne, and management is mostly supportive.

Acute viral pharyngitis

Acute viral pharyngitis (ICD-11 CA02.1) is virus-caused inflammation of the pharynx causing sore throat; the most common form of pharyngitis in all ages, self-limited in 7-10 days, treated symptomatically without antibiotics.

Acute vulvitis

Acute vulvitis (ICD-11 GA00.0, ICD-10 N76.2) is sudden-onset inflammation of the vulvar skin and mucosa, causing itching, burning, and redness, usually from infection such as candidiasis or from irritant contact dermatitis.

Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy

Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR), also called AZOOR complex-related disease, is a rare inflammatory outer retinal disorder first described by Gass in 1992, causing photopsias and scotomas with a normal-appearing fundus, mainly in young myopic women.

Ada K. Jacox

Ada K. Jacox is an American nurse scientist known for more than 45 years of pain management research, including co-chairing the first federal acute pain guideline in 1992.

ADAGES study

ADAGES (African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study), NCT00221923, is an NEI-funded prospective cohort at UCSD, NYEE, and UAB comparing glaucoma onset, structure, and progression in African versus European descent participants.

Adagrasib

Adagrasib, sold as Krazati, is an oral KRAS G12C inhibitor developed by Mirati Therapeutics and marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb, approved in the United States in December 2022.

Adalimumab

Adalimumab, originally sold as Humira, is a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks TNF-alpha to treat autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and plaque psoriasis. Approved in 2002.

Adam's apple

Adam's apple: the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage, larger in males (about 90° fusion angle vs 120° in females) after pubertal testosterone growth; reduced surgically by chondrolaryngoplasty.

Adamantinoma

Adamantinoma, a rare low-grade malignant bone tumor (adamantinoma of long bones), is a biphasic keratin-positive epithelial and osteofibrous neoplasm of the tibial diaphysis, treated by wide en bloc resection.

Adamax

Adamax (Adamax peptide) is a gray-market research-chemical name for a claimed N-acetylated, adamantane-modified Semax analogue sold as a nootropic; it has no published studies, an unsettled structure, no CAS or PubChem record, and no regulatory approval anywhere.

Adamgammadex sodium

Adamgammadex sodium (阿更葡糖钠, brand Aomeikesong 奥美克松) is a Chinese class 1 cyclodextrin injection approved by the NMPA in June 2026 to reverse rocuronium neuromuscular blockade, with 86% less recurarization than sugammadex.

Adams-Oliver syndrome

Adams-Oliver syndrome (AOS), aplasia cutis congenita with terminal transverse limb defects, is a rare congenital disorder caused by mutations in six genes (ARHGAP31, DLL4, RBPJ, NOTCH1, DOCK6, EOGT) with dominant or recessive inheritance.

Adapalene

Adapalene (Differin) is a third-generation synthetic topical retinoid, a naphthoic acid derivative, used once daily for acne vulgaris; selective RAR-beta/gamma binding gives lower irritation than tretinoin, and 0.1% gel is FDA-approved OTC for ages 12 and up.

ADAPT-DES study

The ADAPT-DES study, a large registry of 8,575 patients in the United States and Germany, found that high platelet reactivity on clopidogrel independently predicts stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stents.

ADAPTABLE trial

ADAPTABLE (Aspirin Dosing: A Patient-Centric Trial Assessing Benefits and Long-Term Effectiveness) was a US pragmatic randomized trial of 15,076 ASCVD patients comparing 81 mg vs 325 mg daily aspirin, which found no significant difference in death, MI, stroke, or major bleeding.

Adaptive brachytherapy

Adaptive brachytherapy is a radiotherapy technique in which the brachytherapy plan is repeatedly re-optimized during treatment to follow changes in tumor size, shape, and position, guided mainly by MRI.

Adaptive clinical trial

An adaptive clinical trial is a trial design allowing prospectively planned modifications, such as sample size reassessment or dropping inferior arms, based on interim data, with adaptations pre-specified before the trial starts.

Adaptive deep brain stimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) is a closed-loop treatment in which an implanted stimulator adjusts its electrical delivery in real time based on recorded neural biomarkers.

Adaptive immune system

Adaptive immune system: vertebrate immunity mediated by T and B lymphocytes with somatically rearranged antigen receptors, clonal selection (Burnet), 10^8 receptor specificities, 4-7 day response delay, immunological memory, and bidirectional crosstalk with innate immunity.