25,729 articles
Adaptive therapy
Adaptive therapy is a cancer treatment strategy that modulates drug dosing in response to measured tumor burden, maintaining sensitive cells to suppress resistant ones and prolong time to progression.
Adar Poonawalla
Adar Poonawalla is an Indian businessman, CEO since 2011 of the Serum Institute of India, the world's largest vaccine maker, producing 1.5 billion doses a year for over 170 countries.
ADAURA trial
ADAURA (NCT02511106) is AstraZeneca's Phase III trial of adjuvant osimertinib (Tagrisso) versus placebo after resection in EGFR exon 19 del/L858R stage IB–IIIA NSCLC; DFS HR 0.20, 5-year OS 88% vs 78%, FDA approval December 2020.
ADCE-T02
ADCE-T02 (AMT-754) is a tissue factor-targeted antibody-drug conjugate using exatecan via Multitude's T1000 linker, licensed to Adcendo in August 2024 for over $1 billion ex-Greater China, now in Phase 1 (NCT06597721).
ADcSVF-COPD trial
ADcSVF-COPD (NCT02946658), a Healeon Medical-sponsored phase 1/2 interventional trial of autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction for COPD; suspended, with COVID-19 cited for halted outcome analysis.
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE, ACE-R, ACE-III, mini-ACE): 100-point bedside cognitive screening battery from Cambridge, designed to detect mild dementia and differentiate Alzheimer's disease from frontotemporal dementia, with five domains and free availability.
Addenbrooke's Hospital
Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge teaching hospital run by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; founded from John Addenbrooke's 1719 bequest, opened 1766 on Trumpington Street, now on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road.
Addiction
Addiction: chronic impaired control over substance use or behaviors, the severe end of DSM-5 substance use disorder and ICD-11 disorders due to substance use; involves dopamine and prefrontal brain changes, treated with medications plus behavioral therapy.
Addictive behaviors
Addictive behaviors: repeated, hard-to-control excessive engagement with substances or activities, spanning substance and behavioral addictions; gambling and gaming disorders are the only diagnostically recognized behavioral addictions.
Addictive personality
Addictive personality: a popular but unconfirmed hypothesis of a trait set predicting addiction. Not a DSM-5-TR diagnosis; research links neuroticism, low conscientiousness, impulsivity, and sensation seeking to risk, but no trait predicts addiction alone.
Addison's disease
Addison's disease, or primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare endocrine disorder in which the adrenal cortex fails to produce cortisol and usually aldosterone, causing fatigue, weight loss, and adrenal crisis risk; treated with lifelong hydrocortisone replacement, first described by Thomas Addison in 1855.
Adductor canal block
The adductor canal block (ACB) is a regional anesthesia technique that numbs the saphenous nerve in the thigh, used chiefly for pain relief after knee replacement surgery.
Adductor magnus muscle
Adductor magnus (musculus adductor magnus), largest medial thigh muscle, with adductor and ischiocondylar parts, dual obturator and sciatic innervation, and a design favoring hip extension over adduction.
Adductor muscles of the hip
Hip adductors (medial thigh muscles): adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus. Five muscles adducting the thigh, mostly obturator nerve (L2-L4); adductor magnus largest with dual innervation; common site of athletic groin strain.
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma: cancer of glandular (mucus-producing) epithelial tissue; most breast, lung, stomach, colon, pancreas, prostate, and uterine cancers. Lung adenocarcinoma is the commonest lung cancer subtype; 2015 WHO/IASLC classification and grading predict prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma of ampulla of Vater
Adenocarcinoma of ampulla of Vater (ICD-11 2C16.0) is a rare cancer at the pancreatic-bile duct junction, subdivided into intestinal, pancreatobiliary, and mixed histologic subtypes with differing prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma of appendix
Adenocarcinoma of the appendix (appendiceal adenocarcinoma, ApAC): a rare epithelial appendix cancer, under 1% of GI tumors, classified by WHO as mucinous or nonmucinous, treated with right hemicolectomy, CRS-HIPEC, and adjuvant chemotherapy.
Adenocarcinoma of duodenum
Adenocarcinoma of duodenum (duodenal adenocarcinoma, ICD-11 2B80.00) is a rare glandular cancer of the duodenum, the most common small bowel adenocarcinoma site, treated mainly by surgical resection.
Adenocarcinoma of fallopian tube
Adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube (primary fallopian tube carcinoma) is a rare epithelial cancer, 0.14–1.8% of genital malignancies, mostly serous, arising often from fimbrial STIC, staged and treated like ovarian cancer with surgery plus carboplatin-paclitaxel.
Adenocarcinoma of nasal cavity
Adenocarcinoma of nasal cavity (ICD-11 2C20.0), including intestinal-type (ITAC) and non-ITAC forms; rare sinonasal cancer strongly caused by occupational wood dust exposure, with ~40-year latency, ethmoid predilection, and surgery plus radiotherapy treatment.
Adenocarcinoma of ovary
Adenocarcinoma of ovary (ovarian adenocarcinoma, ORPHA:213504, ICD-10 C56) is a malignant gland-forming epithelial ovarian tumor comprising five WHO histotypes, most commonly high-grade serous carcinoma, treated with surgery and platinum-taxane chemotherapy.
Adenocarcinoma of palate
Adenocarcinoma of palate (ICD-11 2B65.0): malignant gland-forming tumor of palatal minor salivary glands. About half of palatal salivary tumors are malignant; leading types are adenoid cystic, mucoepidermoid, and polymorphous adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma of parotid gland
Adenocarcinoma of parotid gland (ICD-11 2B67.0), a malignant salivary gland tumor; adenocarcinoma NOS is 8-19% of salivary malignancies, treated by parotidectomy plus adjuvant radiotherapy, 5-year survival about 47% for PANOS.
Adenocarcinoma of sigmoid colon
Adenocarcinoma of sigmoid colon (乙状结肠腺癌), ICD-11 2B90.30, ICD-10 C18.7: glandular malignancy of the sigmoid colon between descending colon and rectum; treated by sigmoid colectomy, left-sided with better prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma of the anal canal
Adenocarcinoma of the anal canal (ICD-10 C21.1), a rare glandular anal cancer, 5-10% of anal cancers; worse prognosis than squamous type; treated like rectal cancer with chemoradiation plus APER surgery.
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri
Adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri (endocervical adenocarcinoma) is a glandular-cell cervical cancer, about 10-25% of cases, mostly HPV-associated; the 2020 WHO classification splits it into HPV-associated and HPV-independent types, the latter carrying worse prognosis.
Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder
Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder, the dominant form of gallbladder cancer, arises from gland-like cells lining the gallbladder, is driven by chronic gallstone inflammation, and carries stage-dependent survival from nearly 100% at stage I to 1.1% at stage IV.
Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction
Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction (AEG): gland-forming distal esophageal cancer, usually arising from Barrett esophagus in chronic reflux, classified by Siewert types I-III and treated with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy plus surgery.
Adenocarcinoma of the penis
Adenocarcinoma of the penis, or penile adenocarcinoma, is an extremely rare mucin-producing penile epithelial cancer (ICD-11 2C81.Y) presenting as a nonhealing ulcer or mass in the preputium or glans, often preceded by itching and burning, with mucinous metaplasia a possible risk factor.
Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine
Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA), adenocarcinoma of the small intestine: rare cancer of glandular lining cells, most often duodenal, rising incidence, ~20% linked to Crohn's disease or Lynch syndrome, treated mainly by surgical resection.