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Dhatri lauha
Dhatri lauha (धात्री लौह), a classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral iron formulation with amla, licorice, and guduchi, used for anemia (Pandu Roga); CCRAS multicenter trial showed hemoglobin rise from 8.46 to 9.18 g/dl in 45 days.
Dhatryadi ghrta
Dhatryadi ghrta (Dhātryādi ghṛta, धात्र्यादि घृत) is an Ayurvedic medicated ghee in The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, named for āmalakī and used mainly for pitta and bleeding disorders.
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus: group of metabolic disorders with chronic hyperglycemia; type 1 autoimmune insulin deficiency, type 2 insulin resistance (90–95% of cases), gestational, and monogenic forms; 589 million adults in 2024.
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus, renamed arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D) and resistance (AVP-R) in 2022, is a rare disorder of dilute polyuria from absent or ineffective antidiuretic hormone, affecting about 1 in 25,000 people.
Diabetes screening
Diabetes screening tests asymptomatic or at-risk people for diabetes and prediabetes using fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, or HbA1c tests, aiming to detect disease before symptoms appear.
Diabetic cardiomyopathy
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM, DCM): diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and valvular disease; first described by Rubler et al. in 1972; marked by fibrosis, hypertrophy, and diastolic dysfunction.
Diabetic cataract
Diabetic cataract: lens opacity occurring earlier and more often in diabetes (2-5 fold risk), driven by polyol-pathway sorbitol and oxidative stress; surgery carries higher complication and retinopathy-progression risks.
Diabetic coma
Diabetic coma is unconsciousness from extreme hyperglycemia (DKA or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state) or severe hypoglycemia in diabetes; distinguished by ketosis, osmolality, and glucose thresholds.
Diabetic Diet
Diabetic diet: a prescribed eating regimen for people with diabetes mellitus, formally defined as limiting high-glycemic-index foods (MeSH D003927, 1966). No single official diabetic or ADA diet exists; guidance favors individualized patterns such as Mediterranean and DASH.
Diabetic eye screening
Diabetic eye screening is an NHS program using dilated retinal photography to detect diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy in people with diabetes aged 12 and over.
Diabetic foot
Diabetic foot: infection, ulceration, or tissue destruction of the foot linked to neuropathy and/or peripheral artery disease in diabetes. Ulcer incidence 2-4% yearly, lifetime prevalence 19-34%; over 85% of amputations preceded by an active ulcer; managed via IWGDF/IDSA guidelines, offloading, and revascularization.
Diabetic foot ulcer
A diabetic foot ulcer, or neuropathic ulcer due to diabetes, is an open sore on the foot of a person with diabetes, often leading to infection and amputation.
Diabetic glomerular changes
Diabetic glomerular changes (ICD-11 MF83) are diabetes-induced glomerular lesions: glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial expansion, Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, and exudative deposits, classified by the Tervaert/RPS four-class system.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening diabetes emergency caused by insulin deficiency, ketone buildup, and metabolic acidosis. Key criteria: β-hydroxybutyrate ≥3.0 mmol/L, pH <7.3; treated with IV fluids, insulin, electrolytes.
Diabetic lactic acidosis
Diabetic lactic acidosis (ICD-11 5A22.1) is a serious diabetes complication with blood lactate >5 mmol/L and pH <7.35, occurring in DKA or as metformin-associated lactic acidosis, treated by stopping metformin, support, and dialysis in severe cases.
Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathy
Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathy (diabetic amyotrophy, DLRPN, Bruns-Garland syndrome) is a rare diabetic neuropathy causing subacute proximal leg pain and weakness from nerve microvasculitis; immunotherapy lacks trial evidence.
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy, also called diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is diabetes-caused chronic kidney disease marked by albuminuria (UACR >30 mg/g) and falling eGFR; first described by Kimmelstiel and Wilson in 1936, now treated with SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone.
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy, or diabetic neuropathies, is nerve damage caused by high blood glucose, affecting up to half of people with diabetes, most often in the feet and legs.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication of diabetes damaging retinal blood vessels, progresses from nonproliferative disease to proliferative DR and diabetic macular edema; treated with anti-VEGF injections, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy.
Diabetic retinopathy screening
Diabetic retinopathy screening is a systematic eye examination, usually digital fundus photography, that detects retinal damage from diabetes before symptoms appear, since early treatment can prevent vision loss.
Diabetic skin lesions
Diabetic skin lesions (ICD-11 EB90.0) are skin changes caused by diabetes mellitus, including infections, diabetic dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica, and foot ulcers; pooled prevalence is about 70% of diabetic patients.
Diabetologia
Diabetologia (ISSN 0012-186X) is the official peer-reviewed journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, published by Springer Nature since 1965; monthly, hybrid, 2025 impact factor 10.4, acceptance below 15%.
Diacerein
Diacerein (diacetylrhein), an anthraquinone IL-1beta inhibitor synthesized in 1980, treats hip and knee osteoarthritis symptoms; EU-restricted in 2014 for diarrhoea and liver risks, not marketed in the US.
Diad
Diad (cardiac dyad): junction between a cardiomyocyte T-tubule and junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum, about 15 nm cleft, where L-type Ca2+ channels trigger RyR2 calcium-induced calcium release; cardiac counterpart of the skeletal muscle triad.
Diagnosis and classification of endometriosis
Diagnosis of endometriosis relies on symptoms, transvaginal ultrasound, MRI, and sometimes surgery with histology, since no single test suffices; rASRM, #Enzian, and the Endometriosis Fertility Index classify its extent.
Diagnosis and imaging of hemorrhagic stroke
Diagnosis and imaging of hemorrhagic stroke uses non-contrast CT as the first-line test to confirm bleeding, followed by CTA spot sign, MRI, and lumbar puncture to find underlying causes.
Diagnosis and monitoring of chronic myelogenous leukemia
Diagnosis and monitoring of chronic myelogenous leukemia rest on the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene from the Philadelphia chromosome, tracked by cytogenetics, FISH, and quantitative PCR, with results reported on the International Scale.
Diagnosis and risk stratification of chronic coronary disease
Diagnosis and risk stratification of chronic coronary disease (CCD) estimates how likely a symptomatic patient is to have obstructive coronary artery disease, guiding test selection.
Diagnosis and treatment of mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas
Mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas are cancers of mature T cells and NK cells, about 10 to 15 percent of lymphomas, diagnosed by biopsy and staged with PET-CT.
Diagnosis of brain tumors
The diagnosis of brain tumors is a stepwise workup: CT and contrast-enhanced MRI characterize a suspected mass, and biopsy with molecular profiling assigns type and grade.