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Diethylstilbestrol syndrome
Diethylstilbestrol syndrome (DES syndrome, ICD-11 LB44.6) is a malformative syndrome in children and grandchildren of women given the synthetic estrogen DES during pregnancy, causing clear cell adenocarcinoma, reproductive tract malformations, infertility, and preterm birth across generations.
Dieting
Dieting, also called a diet plan, is the deliberate restriction of food intake to lose body weight, using calorie counting, macronutrient manipulation, intermittent fasting, or meal replacements.
Dietitian
A Dietitian is a regulated health professional applying the science of nutrition to human health and disease through assessment and treatment; the professional body began in 1917.
Dieulafoy's lesion
Dieulafoy's lesion, also called exulceratio simplex or caliber-persistent artery, is an abnormally large submucosal GI artery that erodes through mucosa and causes sudden severe bleeding, mostly near the gastroesophageal junction, treated endoscopically.
Difamilast
Difamilast (MM-36, OPA-15406), brand ADQUEY, is a topical PDE-4 inhibitor ointment for mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis; first approved in Japan 2021, in the US 2026, dosed twice daily.
Difelikefalin
Difelikefalin (CR845; Korsuva, Kapruvia) is a synthetic peptide kappa-opioid receptor agonist, given IV 0.5 mcg/kg after hemodialysis three times weekly, approved in 2021 (US) and 2022 (EU) for moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus in adults on hemodialysis.
Difemerine
Difemerine (difemerin, Luostyl) is a synthetic tertiary-amine anticholinergic antispasmodic, ATC A03AA09, formula C20H25NO3, withdrawn in Germany in 1986 for frequent adverse effects.
Difenoxin
Difenoxin, also called difenoxin hydrochloride, brand Motofen, is a phenylpiperidine antidiarrheal, active metabolite of diphenoxylate, chemically related to meperidine, marketed with atropine sulfate as a Schedule IV prescription tablet.
Diff-Quik stain
Diff-Quik stain is a rapid Romanowsky stain for blood smears and cytology, completing in seconds to minutes what Wright-Giemsa staining takes 20 to 30 minutes.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis: the systematic comparison of candidate conditions to determine which a patient has. Covers hypothesis generation, Bayesian ranking, diagnostic error rates (5.08% outpatient), checklists, and LLM tools like AMIE.
Differentiated service delivery (HIV care)
Differentiated service delivery (DSD) is a person-centered approach that adapts HIV services across the care cascade; by 2023, 76% of ART patients in 21 sub-Saharan African countries used it.
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), also called differentiated thyroid cancer, is the common, usually curable thyroid cancer group of papillary, follicular, and oncocytic types, over 90% of thyroid cancers, managed by risk-stratified surgery, radioiodine, and thyroglobulin-based follow-up.
Differentiation therapy
Differentiation therapy is a cancer treatment using agents such as retinoic acid to force immature cancer cells to mature instead of killing them, best proven in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
Diffuse alveolar damage
Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), the histologic hallmark of ARDS and the pathology behind acute interstitial pneumonia, is a lung injury pattern with exudative, proliferative, and fibrotic phases, hyaline membranes, and higher mortality when present in ARDS.
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), bleeding from pulmonary microcirculation into alveolar spaces, presents with hemoptysis, anemia, infiltrates, hypoxemic respiratory failure; mostly autoimmune causes, over 20% in-hospital mortality.
Diffuse axonal injury
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI), also called traumatic axonal injury (TAI), is widespread white-matter axon rupture from acceleration-deceleration forces in TBI; graded by Adams system, best seen on MRI/SWI, diagnosed in 40-50% of hospitalized TBI.
Diffuse brain injury
Diffuse brain injury (ICD-11 NA07.3), chiefly diffuse axonal injury (DAI), is widespread traumatic white-matter damage from rapid rotational acceleration-deceleration, graded Adams 1-3, common in severe TBI and worsening prognosis.
Diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth
Diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth (DCMO), ORPHA:714737, is a rare congenital vascular anomaly syndrome with extensive pink reticulated capillary malformations, proportionate overgrowth, and foot anomalies, linked to somatic PIK3CA, GNAQ, or GNA11 variants.
Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis
Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM), the rarest and most severe cutaneous mastocytosis subtype, causes generalized erythroderma, peau d'orange thickened skin, and infantile blistering, with anaphylaxis risk and symptomatic antihistamine treatment.
Diffuse hemispheric glioma-H3 G34-mutant
Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant, is a rare malignant brain tumor of the cerebral hemispheres, defined by H3 G34R/V histone mutations, affecting mainly adolescents and young adults.
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia
DIPNECH (diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia) is a rare WHO pre-invasive lung lesion of proliferating neuroendocrine cells, mainly in nonsmoking women over 60, causing cough, dyspnea, nodules, and mosaic CT attenuation, sometimes progressing to carcinoid tumors.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, about 30% of cases, marked by rapidly growing tumors in lymph nodes or organs.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation
DLBCL associated with chronic inflammation (CI-DLBCL, pyothorax-associated lymphoma): EBV-positive aggressive large B-cell lymphoma arising after 10–35+ years in chronically inflamed body cavities or around implants; 5-year survival 20–35%.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the CNS, also called secondary CNS lymphoma (SCNSL), is DLBCL spreading to brain, meninges, or spinal cord; rare (about 3% of DLBCL), mostly within two years, with median survival of months unless ASCT consolidation succeeds.
Diffuse leptomeningeal melanocytosis
Diffuse leptomeningeal melanocytosis (DLM), also called leptomeningeal melanomatosis when malignant, is a rare CNS tumor of leptomeningeal melanocytes diffusely infiltrating the pia and arachnoid, mostly in children with neurocutaneous melanosis, with poor prognosis once symptomatic.
Diffuse mesangial sclerosis
Diffuse mesangial sclerosis (DMS), ICD-11 MF80, a childhood glomerular histological pattern with mesangial expansion and basement membrane thickening causing nephrotic syndrome; genetic causes include WT1, PLCE1, and LAMB2.
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (DMG, formerly H3 K27M-mutant, largely DIPG), a CNS WHO grade 4 midline glioma defined by H3 K27me3 loss; dordaviprone became the first approved systemic therapy in 2025.
Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control
Diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC), termed conditioned pain modulation (CPM) in humans, is a pain-inhibits-pain mechanism described by Le Bars in 1979, mediated by a brainstem spino-bulbo-spinal loop acting on wide dynamic range neurons.
Diffuse optical imaging
Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is a biomedical imaging technique using near-infrared light to reconstruct maps of hemoglobin, oxygenation, and blood flow in tissue several centimeters deep.
Diffuse optical spectroscopy
Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) is a noninvasive technique that uses near-infrared light to measure hemoglobin, water, and lipid in thick tissue, applied to breast cancer monitoring and cerebral hemodynamics.