25,729 articles
Dignity therapy
Dignity therapy is a brief psychotherapy for patients with advanced illness, in which a recorded life-story interview is edited into a legacy document to bequeath to loved ones.
Digoxin
Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside from Digitalis lanata, treats mild to moderate heart failure and controls ventricular rate in chronic atrial fibrillation; neutral mortality in trials, narrow therapeutic window.
Digoxin toxicity
Digoxin toxicity, also called digitalis intoxication, is poisoning by the cardiac glycoside digoxin, marked by GI, visual, and cardiac symptoms, hyperkalemia, and arrhythmias; treated with digoxin immune Fab (DigiBind, DigiFab).
DIGS study
The Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) is a longitudinal cohort study at the University of California, San Diego, running since 1995 to find the best methods for detecting glaucoma progression.
Dihuang Yinzi
地黄饮子 (Dihuang Yinzi), a classical Chinese medicine formula from Liu Wansu's Jin-dynasty Xuanming Lunfang; 12 herbs tonifying kidney yin and yang, originally for yinfei (speech loss, leg paralysis), now studied for Parkinson's disease and dementia.
Dihydralazine
Dihydralazine (Nepresol), a hydralazine-family direct arteriolar vasodilator, half-life 4-5 h, used mainly for severe hypertension in pregnancy in Germany; declining due to frequent adverse effects.
Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine
Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ, DP, Duo-Cotexin) is a fixed-dose artemisinin combination therapy for uncomplicated malaria: fast dihydroartemisinin plus long-acting piperaquine, superior to artemether-lumefantrine in Africa but failing in the Greater Mekong subregion.
Dihydrocodeine
Dihydrocodeine (DHC), a semisynthetic opioid derivative of codeine used for moderate to severe pain and cough, metabolized via CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, with limited efficacy evidence and addiction and respiratory-depression risks.
Dihydroetorphine
Dihydroetorphine (二氢埃托啡, DHE), a Chinese-developed etorphine-family opioid agonist over 1,000 times stronger than morphine, approved 1991 for severe pain, later restricted for abuse and dependence.
Dihydropyrimidinuria
Dihydropyrimidinuria, also called dihydropyrimidinase deficiency (DPYS deficiency, OMIM 222748), is a rare autosomal recessive pyrimidine metabolism disorder causing dihydrouracil and dihydrothymine accumulation, variable neurologic and gastrointestinal features, and fluoropyrimidine toxicity risk.
Dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol (DHT, A.T. 10) is a half-synthetic vitamin D analog from ergosterol, introduced in 1933 for hypoparathyroidism; it needs no renal hydroxylation and is no longer sold in the US.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), also called congestive or idiopathic cardiomyopathy, is heart-muscle disease with left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction not explained by coronary, hypertensive, or valvular disease; prevalence about 1 in 250 adults, genetic in 25–40% of cases (TTN, LMNA, DSP, FLNC).
Dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia
Dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type V) is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease from DNAJC19 mutations, concentrated in the Dariusleut Hutterite population, causing early-onset cardiomyopathy, long QT, cerebellar ataxia, and growth failure.
Dilated cardiomyopathy-hypergonadotropic hypogonadism syndrome
Dilated cardiomyopathy-hypergonadotropic hypogonadism syndrome, also called Malouf, Najjar, or cardiogenital syndrome (ORPHA:2229, OMIM 212112), is an ultra-rare disorder combining dilated cardiomyopathy with primary hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, often LMNA-related, prevalence under 1 per million.
Dilated fundus examination
A dilated fundus examination is an eye exam using dilating drops so the retina and optic disc can be inspected with an ophthalmoscope or slit lamp.
Dilation and curettage
Dilation and curettage (D&C), also called suction curettage when vacuum is used, is a gynecologic procedure dilating the cervix and removing endometrial tissue for miscarriage, abortion, retained products, or abnormal bleeding; WHO now recommends vacuum aspiration over sharp curettage.
Dilation and evacuation
Dilation and evacuation (D&E) is the main surgical abortion method from about 14 weeks' gestation, using cervical dilators, forceps, and suction; studies show lower complication rates than medical induction, and intact D&E is federally banned in the US.
Dilip Shanghvi
Dilip Shanghvi, born 1955 in Gujarat, is an Indian billionaire businessman who founded Sun Pharmaceutical Industries in 1983 with $200 borrowed from his father, receiving the Padma Shri in 2016.
Diltiazem
Diltiazem (Cardizem, Tiazac) is a benzothiazepine, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker synthesized in 1971 by Tanabe and FDA-approved in 1982, used for hypertension, angina, and atrial fibrillation rate control, contraindicated in HFrEF.
Dilution method (antimicrobial susceptibility testing)
The dilution method in antimicrobial susceptibility testing exposes bacteria to serial twofold dilutions of an antibiotic to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, the lowest level preventing visible growth.
DIMAN study
DIMAN (NCT02680327) is a prospective observational feasibility pilot at the Montreal Heart Institute testing recruitment and retention of elderly cardiac surgery patients for a multicenter audit of advance care planning practices and end-of-life communication satisfaction, using CANHELP questionnaires and 5-meter gait speed frailty assessment.
Dimdazenil
Dimdazenil (地达西尼, EVT201, Junoenil) is a benzodiazepine-class partial positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, approved by China's NMPA on 29 November 2023 for short-term insomnia treatment, the drug's first approval worldwide.
Dimenhydrinate
Dimenhydrinate, sold as Dramamine and Gravol, is an over-the-counter medication combining the antihistamine diphenhydramine with 8-chlorotheophylline, best known for preventing and treating motion sickness and nausea since 1949.
Dimethindene
Dimethindene (dimetindene, dimethpyrindene; Fenistil, Forhistal) is a first-generation alkylamine H1-antihistamine developed by Ciba in the early 1960s, used topically and intranasally for pruritus, rhinitis, and allergic reactions.
Dimethyl fumarate
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF, Skilarence, Fumaderm, Tecfidera) is an oral fumaric acid ester immunomodulator; its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate treats moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency
Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency (DMGDH deficiency) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive glycine metabolism disorder, known from a single case with fish-like odor, muscle fatigue, elevated creatine kinase, and 100-fold raised serum dimethylglycine due to the homozygous H109R DMGDH variant.
Dimethyltryptamine
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an indole alkaloid psychedelic, the active compound in ayahuasca, an endogenous sigma-1 receptor agonist, rapidly metabolized by MAO-A with a 9–12 minute intravenous half-life.
Diminished ovarian reserve
Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR): reduced oocyte quantity with regular menses, assessed by AMH and antral follicle count; predicts IVF oocyte yield but not independent fertility, and oocyte quality is similar to age-matched women.
DIMOSPAF study
DIMOSPAF (NCT02563379) is a registered observational study by Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, testing whether abnormal 24-hour blood pressure dipping and morning surge associate with silent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in hypertension; no results posted.
Dimple
Dimple: a small skin indentation, most often on the cheek, caused by a bifid zygomaticus major muscle tethering the skin during smiling; also chin dimples, genetics, and dimpleplasty.