25,729 articles
Dornase alfa
Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme), recombinant human DNase I inhaled daily, is a mucolytic for cystic fibrosis lung disease; FDA-approved 1993, it cleaves extracellular DNA in sputum, improving FEV1 and reducing exacerbations.
Dorsal cochlear nucleus
Dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), part of the cochlear nucleus with the ventral cochlear nucleus; a laminar, cerebellum-like auditory brainstem nucleus processing spectral cues for sound localization and implicated in tinnitus and hyperacusis.
Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway
Dorsal column–medial lemniscus (DCML) pathway: ascending CNS tract carrying fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and conscious proprioception from the body (excluding the face) via dorsal root ganglion, dorsal column nuclei, medullary decussation, thalamic VPL, to postcentral gyrus.
Dorsal rhizotomy
Dorsal rhizotomy, also known as selective dorsal rhizotomy, is a neurosurgical procedure that divides sensory nerve rootlets to reduce spasticity, most often in children with cerebral palsy.
Dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG, spinal ganglion): cluster of pseudo-unipolar sensory neuron cell bodies in each spinal nerve's dorsal root, within the neuroforamen; also the stimulation target FDA-approved in 2016 for chronic CRPS pain.
Dorsal root ganglion stimulation
Dorsal root ganglion stimulation is an implanted neuromodulation therapy for chronic focal neuropathic pain, FDA approved in 2016 for lower-limb complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).
Dorsal root of spinal nerve
Dorsal root of spinal nerve (posterior root): the entirely sensory bundle of afferent axons, with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion, carrying touch, pain, and temperature from the periphery into the spinal cord's dorsal horn.
Dorsal slit
Dorsal slit (preputiotomy): a surgical incision through both foreskin layers at the penis's upper surface, relieving phimosis and paraphimosis and serving as a step in many circumcision techniques; quicker and less bloody than circumcision but cosmetically less uniform.
Dorsal veins of the penis
Dorsal veins of the penis: the superficial and deep dorsal veins, midline vessels draining the penile skin, glans, and corpora; deep vein empties into the prostatic venous plexus, with additional cavernosal and para-arterial veins described.
Dorsalis pedis artery
The dorsalis pedis artery, also called the arteria dorsalis pedis, is the artery on the upper surface of the foot and a continuation of the anterior tibial artery.
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, dlPFC), Brodmann areas 9 and 46 in the middle frontal gyrus: executive-control hub for working memory manipulation, planning, and self-control, and a leading tDCS/TMS target in depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Dorzagliatin
Dorzagliatin (HuaTangNing, 华堂宁) is an oral dual-acting glucokinase activator by Hua Medicine for type 2 diabetes, approved in China in 2022 as the first marketed GKA, dosed 75 mg twice daily.
Dorzolamide
Dorzolamide, sold as Trusopt, is a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor eye drop first approved in the United States in 1994 to lower elevated intraocular pressure in glaucoma.
Dosage form
A dosage form, also called a pharmaceutical form or unit dose, is the physical form a drug takes when dispensed, such as a tablet, capsule, or injection.
Dose calculation algorithm
A dose calculation algorithm is the computational engine of a radiation therapy treatment planning system, estimating the dose delivered to each voxel of a patient's tissues.
Dose fractionation
Dose fractionation is the division of a radiation therapy course into many small doses over days to weeks, so normal tissues repair while tumor damage accumulates.
Dose titration
Dose titration is the stepwise adjustment of a drug's dose, up or down, to reach a clinical target at the lowest effective dose for each patient.
Dose-adjusted EPOCH regimen
Dose-adjusted EPOCH (DA-EPOCH) is a combination chemotherapy regimen for aggressive B-cell lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma, with doses adjusted each cycle to the patient's neutrophil nadir.
Dose-dense AC regimen
Dose-dense AC is an adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy regimen giving doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide every 14 days for four cycles with mandatory G-CSF support, shown by trials to reduce recurrences.
Dose-dense chemotherapy
Dose-dense chemotherapy is a scheduling strategy that shortens the interval between cycles while keeping each dose unchanged, established in node-positive breast cancer with growth-factor support.
Dose-escalation study
A dose-escalation study is a phase I clinical trial design giving sequentially increasing doses to small cohorts to characterize safety and select a dose for later development.
Dose-finding study
A dose-finding study is a clinical trial design that selects a treatment dose by evaluating safety, tolerability, and efficacy across dose levels, mainly in early-phase trials.
Dose-ranging study
A dose-ranging study is a clinical trial that gives participants several dose levels of a drug to characterize the dose-response relationship and select doses for later testing.
Dose–response relationship
The dose–response relationship, also known as the dose-response curve, links the dose of a drug to the body's biological response, and supplies potency and efficacy parameters for comparing drugs.
Dose–response study
A dose–response study examines how the risk of a health outcome changes as exposure or dose increases, used to judge whether an association is causal and to set regulatory exposure limits.
Dosha (दोष)
Dosha (दोष): the three Ayurvedic bodily principles, vata, pitta, and kapha, whose harmony defines health and imbalance disease; also basis of prakriti constitution types.
Dostarlimab
Dostarlimab (Jemperli) is a PD-1-blocking monoclonal antibody from GSK for dMMR/MSI-H endometrial cancer, dMMR solid tumors, and locally advanced rectal cancer, approved in the EU from 2021 and the US from 2021.
Dosulepin
Dosulepin (dothiepin, Prothiaden) is a tricyclic antidepressant, a thio derivative of amitriptyline introduced in 1963, licensed for depressive illness with anxiety, but restricted in the UK because of high overdose toxicity.
DOTATATE therapy
DOTATATE therapy is a nuclear medicine treatment delivering lutetium-177 via the radiolabeled somatostatin analog Lutathera to neuroendocrine tumors, approved in Europe in 2017 and the United States in 2018.
Dotinurad
Dotinurad (ドチヌラド, Urece/Yurisu) is a selective urate reabsorption inhibitor blocking URAT1, approved in Japan 2020 and China 2024 for gout and hyperuricemia; 4 mg/day beat febuxostat 40 mg in a phase 3 trial.