Human health and medicine

Emtricitabine

Emtricitabine (FTC, Emtriva) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2003 for HIV-1 treatment; with tenofovir it forms Truvada and Descovy, used for treatment and PrEP, and is clinically interchangeable with lamivudine.

Emtricitabine/tenofovir

Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF, Truvada) is a fixed-dose HIV pill approved for treatment in 2004 and as the first PrEP drug in 2012; pooled trials show RR 0.46 versus placebo, with adherence-dependent effectiveness and renal/bone cautions.

En bloc resection

En bloc resection is the removal of an entire tumor in a single piece so margins can be fully examined, chiefly done by endoscopic submucosal dissection.

En bloc spondylectomy

En bloc spondylectomy is a spine oncology operation removing a tumor-bearing vertebra in one or two pieces with healthy-tissue margins, used mainly for chordomas and giant cell tumors.

Enalapril

Enalapril (Vasotec) is an orally active ACE inhibitor prodrug hydrolyzed to enalaprilat, approved in 1985 for hypertension, symptomatic heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, with mortality benefit shown in CONSENSUS and SOLVD trials.

Enalaprilat anhydrous

Enalaprilat anhydrous is the active diacid metabolite of enalapril, an ACE inhibitor given only intravenously (1.25 mg per 6 hours) for hypertension when oral therapy is impractical; onset 15 minutes, half-life about 11 hours.

Enamel fracture

Enamel fracture (ICD-11 NA0D.01), a traumatic crown fracture with loss of tooth substance confined to enamel, sparing dentin and pulp; about 31.2% of crown fractures, normal pulp tests, restored by smoothing, composite, or fragment reattachment.

Enamel infraction

Enamel infraction, also called craze line, is an incomplete crack confined to tooth enamel without loss of tooth substance, not crossing the amelodentinal junction; asymptomatic, common with age, bruxism, trauma, and usually untreated.

Enamel Microabrasion

Enamel microabrasion is a conservative dental technique developed in the mid-1980s that removes superficial enamel stains, mainly fluorosis and white spot lesions, using hydrochloric acid abrasive slurries, removing 10–200 μm of outer enamel.

Enamel-dentin fracture

Enamel-dentin fracture (uncomplicated crown fracture, ICD-11 NA0D.02): traumatic tooth fracture confined to enamel and dentin without pulp exposure; treated by fragment reattachment or glass-ionomer/composite coverage per IADT 2020 guidelines.

Enamel-renal syndrome

Enamel-renal syndrome (ERS, OMIM 204690), also called amelogenesis imperfecta-nephrocalcinosis or MacGibbon syndrome, is an autosomal recessive FAM20A disorder combining hypoplastic enamel, failed tooth eruption, gingival fibromatosis, and nephrocalcinosis.

Enarodustat

Enarodustat (JTZ-951, brand Enaroy) is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor by Japan Tobacco for CKD anemia; approved in Japan (September 2020), South Korea, and China.

Enasidenib

Enasidenib (Idhifa, AG-221) is an oral first-in-class mutant IDH2 inhibitor approved in the US in 2017 for relapsed/refractory IDH2-mutant AML; it lowers 2-HG, induces differentiation, and carries a differentiation syndrome boxed warning.

Encainide

Encainide (MJ 9067), class IC sodium-channel-blocking antiarrhythmic developed in the 1970s; potent ventricular arrhythmia suppressant withdrawn after CAST showed increased post-infarction mortality.

Encaleret

Encaleret (CLTX-305, JTT-305) is an oral calcilytic, a negative allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor, developed by BridgeBio's Calcilytix for autosomal dominant hypocalcemia type 1, with positive Phase 3 CALIBRATE results, an FDA NDA filed, and Phase 3 testing in chronic hypoparathyroidism.

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS), also called abdominal cocoon or sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis, is a rare fibrocollagenous encasement of the small intestine causing bowel obstruction, mainly after long-term peritoneal dialysis, with 25-55% adult mortality.

Encenicline

Encenicline (EVP-6124, MT-4666) is a discontinued selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist developed by Forum Pharmaceuticals for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease; Phase 2 trials were positive, but Phase 3 schizophrenia trials failed and FDA placed Alzheimer's trials on clinical hold over GI safety events.

Encephalitis

Encephalitis, also called acute encephalitis syndrome, is inflammation of the brain, a serious condition caused by brain infection or autoimmune attack, producing altered consciousness, seizures, and focal neurological deficits.

Encephalitis lethargica

Encephalitis lethargica, or von Economo's disease, is a brain inflammation first described in Vienna in 1917 that caused a worldwide epidemic from about 1916 to 1927, leaving somnolence, ophthalmoplegia, and postencephalitic parkinsonism; its cause remains unknown.

Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis

Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL, Haberland syndrome) is a rare sporadic mosaic RASopathy caused by postzygotic FGFR1 or KRAS variants, featuring nevus psiloliparus, ocular choristomas, CNS lipomas, seizures, and low-grade glioma risk.

Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis

Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) is an indirect brain revascularization operation, introduced in 1981, in which a scalp artery is laid on the brain surface to treat moyamoya disease.

Encephalomyocarditis virus infection

Encephalomyocarditis virus infection (EMCV, Cardiovirus, Picornaviridae) is a rodent-borne picornavirus disease of swine and zoo mammals causing sudden death from myocarditis; two serotypes, EMCV-1 and EMCV-2; zoonotic but rarely causes human disease.

Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy, also called acute or metabolic encephalopathy, is diffuse brain dysfunction from systemic causes such as sepsis, organ failure, toxins, or metabolic derangement; delirium is its clinical phenotype, and coma its severe end.

Encequidar

Encequidar (HM30181) is a minimally absorbed, gut-specific P-glycoprotein inhibitor by Hanmi/Athenex that enables oral paclitaxel (Oraxol); phase III in metastatic breast cancer showed higher response and less neuropathy than IV paclitaxel; not approved.

ENCHANTED trial

ENCHANTED (Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study) is an international 2x2 randomized stroke trial of low-dose vs standard-dose alteplase and intensive vs guideline blood pressure lowering; its successor ENCHANTED2/MT tested SBP targets after thrombectomy.

Enchondroma

Enchondroma: a benign cartilage tumor forming inside bone, most common in the hand's small bones and long bones; usually asymptomatic, found incidentally, IDH1/2 mutations, managed by observation or curettage, rarely becoming chondrosarcoma.

Enclomiphene

Enclomiphene citrate (Androxal) is the trans isomer of clomiphene, a SERM that raises LH, FSH, and endogenous testosterone in secondary male hypogonadism while preserving sperm counts; it lacks FDA and EMA approval.

Encopresis

Encopresis (fecal incontinence, soiling) is involuntary stool passage in children past toilet-training age, usually overflow around constipation impaction; retentive vs non-retentive subtypes; treated with disimpaction, laxatives, and behavioral therapy.

Encorafenib

Encorafenib (Braftovi, LGX818) is an oral BRAF kinase inhibitor by Array BioPharma/Pfizer, approved 2018 with binimetinib for BRAF V600E/K melanoma and later for BRAF V600E colorectal cancer and NSCLC.