Human health and medicine

Epinastine

Epinastine is a topical antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer, formulated as a 0.5% ophthalmic solution, developed by Boehringer Ingelheim for the prevention of allergic conjunctivitis itching.

Epinephrine (adrenaline), injectable nonselective alpha/beta adrenergic agonist for anaphylaxis, septic shock hypotension, and intraocular mydriasis; first hormone isolated (1901, Takamine) and synthesized (1904, Stolz).

Epinephrine autoinjector

Epinephrine autoinjector (adrenaline autoinjector, EAI, e.g. EpiPen): spring-loaded pen device giving fixed intramuscular epinephrine (0.3 mg adult, 0.15 mg child) for anaphylaxis; first FDA-approved 1987; needle depth and dosing limitations; needle-free nasal sprays emerging.

Epiphyseal arrest

Epiphyseal arrest (physeal arrest, growth plate arrest): premature stoppage of growth plate function before maturity, usually from a physeal bar after fracture, causing limb length discrepancy or angular deformity; treated by bar resection, epiphysiodesis, or guided growth.

Epiphyseal plate

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate, physis): cartilage layer at long-bone ends driving longitudinal growth via resting, proliferative, and hypertrophic chondrocyte zones; closes in early twenties, leaving the epiphyseal line.

Epiphyseal stippling-osteoclastic hyperplasia syndrome

Epiphyseal stippling-osteoclastic hyperplasia syndrome (Pacman dysplasia, ORPHA:1952, OMIM 167220) is an extremely rare, presumably perinatally lethal autosomal recessive bone dysplasia with epiphyseal stippling, osteopenia, and osteoclastic hyperplasia; some authors consider it prenatal mucolipidosis II.

Sep 29, 2026

Epiphysiodesis

Epiphysiodesis is a surgical procedure that arrests or slows a growth plate in a child, used to correct limb-length discrepancy or angular deformity while growth remains, typically for predicted discrepancies of 2 to 5 cm.

Epiphysis

Epiphysis: the expanded, articular-cartilage-covered end of a long bone, formed from a secondary ossification center and separated from the metaphysis by the growth plate (physis) until fusion at skeletal maturity.

Epiploic appendagitis

Epiploic appendagitis, inflammation of a colonic epiploic appendage from torsion or venous thrombosis, mimics diverticulitis and appendicitis; diagnosed by CT ring and dot signs, treated conservatively with NSAIDs.

Epiretinal membrane

Epiretinal membrane (macular pucker): fibrocellular sheet on the inner retinal surface, usually after posterior vitreous detachment, causing metamorphopsia; staged by Govetto OCT criteria, observed or treated by vitrectomy with membrane and ILM peeling.

Sep 29, 2026

Epiretinal membrane surgery

Epiretinal membrane surgery is a vitreoretinal procedure that peels a fibrous membrane off the macula to treat distortion and blurred vision, with about 80% of patients improving by at least two lines of visual acuity.

Episcleritis

Episcleritis, also called bulbar conjunctivitis, is a benign, self-limited inflammation of the episclera between conjunctiva and sclera, with simple and nodular forms, usually idiopathic, sometimes linked to rheumatoid arthritis or IBD, and distinguished from scleritis by phenylephrine blanching.

Episiotomy

An episiotomy, plural episiotomies, is a surgical incision of the vaginal opening and perineum made during childbirth to enlarge the opening and ease delivery of the baby's head.

Episode of Care

Episode of care: an interval of care by a provider or facility for a specific medical problem (MeSH D017050, 1992), also the defined service unit for bundled payment models such as BPCI, CJR, and TEAM.

Episodic ataxia type 1

Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1), a rare autosomal dominant potassium channelopathy from KCNA1 (Kv1.1) mutations on 12p13, causes brief ataxia attacks with interictal myokymia, childhood onset, and carbamazepine-responsive episodes.

Episodic ataxia type 4

Episodic ataxia type 4 (EA4, PATX, periodic vestibulocerebellar ataxia; OMIM 606552) is a very rare autosomal dominant hereditary episodic ataxia with adult onset, attacks of vertigo, diplopia, and ataxia, unknown gene, no acetazolamide response, and no myokymia.

Episodic ataxia type 5

Episodic ataxia type 5 (EA5, OMIM 613855) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant channelopathy caused by CACNB4 mutations at 2q22-23, with adult-onset attacks of vertigo and ataxia lasting hours, allelic with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 6.

Episodic memory

Episodic memory is the memory system for personally experienced events, tied to the time and place they occurred. Endel Tulving defined it in 1972 as distinct from semantic memory.

Episodic unilateral mydriasis

Episodic anisocoria (ICD-11 8D8A.2), also benign episodic unilateral mydriasis, is transient recurring unequal pupil size from abnormal autonomic tone, typically in young women with migraine, benign and a diagnosis of exclusion.

Episodic vestibular syndrome

Episodic vestibular syndrome (EVS), ICD-11 AB31, is transient vertigo, dizziness, or unsteadiness lasting seconds to days with remission between episodes; main causes are vestibular migraine, Meniere's disease, BPPV, vestibular paroxysmia, and TIA.

Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy

Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD), also called map-dot-fingerprint or Cogan microcystic dystrophy, is a common bilateral anterior corneal dystrophy causing map, dot, and fingerprint lines, reduced vision, and recurrent corneal erosions in about 10% of patients.

Epithelial cyst of spleen

Epithelial cyst of spleen (ICD-11 3B81.51), also called epidermoid or mesothelial splenic cyst: a rare primary true splenic cyst with an epithelial lining, about 10% of nonparasitic splenic cysts, usually incidental in children and young adults, treated by spleen-preserving surgery.

Epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy

Epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy (ERED, OMIM 122400), also called Dystrophia Smolandiensis or recurrent hereditary corneal erosions, is a rare autosomal dominant COL17A1 corneal dystrophy causing painful corneal erosions from childhood that lessen by the fourth decade.

Sep 29, 2026

Epithelial transplantation

Epithelial transplantation is the transfer of limbal tissue or cultivated epithelial cell sheets onto the eye to restore the corneal surface in limbal stem cell deficiency.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an ultra-rare vascular sarcoma defined by WWTR1::CAMTA1 (>90%) or YAP1::TFE3 (~5-10%) gene fusions, treated mainly with surgery; no approved systemic therapy.

Epithelioid hemangioma

Epithelioid hemangioma, also called angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia or histiocytoid hemangioma, is a rare benign vascular tumor of head/neck skin and bone, driven by FOS or FOSB gene rearrangements and prone to recurrence after incomplete excision.