Human health and medicine

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, upper endoscopy): endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum through the mouth. Over 7.4 million performed yearly in the US; developed from the 1932 Wolf-Schindler gastroscope and 1957 Hirschowitz fiberoscope.

Esophagography

Esophagography, commonly called a barium swallow or barium esophagram, is a fluoroscopic study in which the patient swallows barium to outline the esophagus, evaluating dysphagia, motility disorders, rings, strictures, and reflux.

Esophagojejunostomy

Esophagojejunostomy is a surgical anastomosis joining the esophagus to the jejunum, performed chiefly to restore digestive tract continuity after total gastrectomy, usually in the Roux-en-Y configuration.

Esophagoplasty

Esophagoplasty is surgical reconstruction of the esophagus, typically after esophagectomy, using gastric, jejunal, colonic, or ileocolonic conduits when the stomach is unavailable; first jejunal replacement by Roux in 1907, first colonic by Kelling and Vulliet in 1911.

Esophagoscopes

Esophagoscopes are thin, lighted tube instruments, rigid or flexible, for examining the esophagus. Includes Chevalier Jackson's 1890 rigid design, LoPresti's 1964 fiberscope, and 4.5–5.1 mm transnasal office scopes.

Esophagoscopy

Esophagoscopy is an endoscopic examination in which a flexible or rigid scope is passed through the mouth to inspect the esophagus lining, detecting strictures, tumors, varices, and foreign bodies.

Esophagostomy

Esophagostomy, also known as cervical esophagostomy, is a surgical procedure creating an opening between the esophagus and the skin, usually in the lower neck, for salivary diversion or feeding.

Esotropia

Esotropia, also known as cross-eye or convergent strabismus, is a form of strabismus in which one eye deviates inward toward the nose, affecting about 0.67% of people worldwide.

ESP trial

ESP trial: randomized clinical trials of the erector spinae plane block (ESPB) for pain after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in obesity; mixed results, not recommended by 2025 PROSPECT guidelines.

ESPOK trial

The ESPOK trial is a randomized controlled trial at Vinmec Healthcare System in Vietnam comparing erector spinae plane catheters with thoracic epidural analgesia after minimally invasive esophageal cancer surgery.

Oct 20, 2026

ESPRIT trial (NCT05836753)

ESPRIT (NCT05836753) is a phase 2 Beijing Tiantan Hospital trial of 7-day sarecycline 100 mg versus placebo in 120 large vessel occlusion stroke patients after reperfusion; primary outcome NIHSS change at 7 days.

ESRT-Faculty trial

ESRT-Faculty (NCT03516877) is a UCSF behavioral intervention trial testing Enhanced Stress Resilience Training, a streamlined MBSR-derived mindfulness curriculum, in surgery and anesthesia faculty physicians, measuring burnout, stress, and cognition.

Essential fatty acid deficiency

Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) results from inadequate linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid, causing scaly dermatitis and elevated triene:tetraene (Holman) index; seen mainly in fat-free parenteral nutrition and fat malabsorption.

Essential Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies

备急千金要方 (Beiji Qianjin Yaofang, Essential Formulas Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergencies), Sun Simiao's 652 CE Tang dynasty formulary in 30 juan with about 5,300 prescriptions; China's earliest clinical encyclopedia, with the Dayi Jingcheng medical-ethics chapter and a Song-revised edition differing from the original.

Essential hypertension

Essential hypertension, also called primary hypertension, is high blood pressure with no identifiable secondary cause, about 90–95% of cases; managed with lifestyle change and drugs to below 130/80 mm Hg.

Essential myoclonus

Essential myoclonus, also called hereditary essential myoclonus and largely superseded by myoclonus-dystonia (SGCE), is nonprogressive, isolated myoclonus without secondary cause; ICD-11 8A06.0; treated with clonazepam or levetiracetam.

Essential thrombocythemia

Essential thrombocythemia is a chronic blood cancer and myeloproliferative neoplasm in which the bone marrow makes too many platelets, raising the risk of clotting and bleeding.

Essential tremor

Essential tremor (ET), also called benign essential or familial tremor, is the most common tremor disorder, causing bilateral action tremor of the hands, sometimes head or voice; treated with propranolol, primidone, topiramate, DBS, or focused ultrasound.

Essure

Essure was a hysteroscopic permanent female sterilization device (coils placed in the fallopian tubes), FDA-approved in 2002, made by Conceptus and Bayer, and withdrawn from U.S. sale on December 31, 2018 after adverse-event reports and lawsuits.

EST-S-02 trial

EST-S-02 (NCT04093518) is a phase 3, triple-blind Moldovan trial by Tangent Data testing 200-µg estradiol patches vs placebo as antipsychotic add-on in women over 38 with schizophrenia, based on a post hoc age-38 benefit; status unknown, no results.

Estazolam

Estazolam (brand Prosom, discontinued) is a triazolobenzodiazepine hypnotic with a 12-15 hour half-life, FDA approved 1990 for short-term insomnia treatment, DEA Schedule IV, dosed 1 mg (0.5 mg elderly) at bedtime.

Estetrol anhydrous

Estetrol anhydrous (E4), a plant-derived synthetic copy of the fetal-liver estrogen of pregnancy; estrogen receptor agonist used in Nextstellis/Drovelis combined pills, FDA-approved April 15, 2021.

Esthesioneuroblastoma

Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma) is a rare malignant neuroectodermal tumor of the olfactory epithelium in the superior nasal cavity, first described in 1924, staged by the Kadish system, graded by Hyams, and treated mainly with surgery plus radiation.

Oct 15, 2026

Estramustine

Estramustine is an antineoplastic drug that combines estradiol with a nitrogen mustard group, used as the prodrug estramustine phosphate (Emcyt) for metastatic or progressive prostate cancer.

Estrogen

Estrogen: collective term for the female sex hormones estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3), steroid hormones made from androgens by aromatase. Purified 1929 by Doisy and Butenandt; acts via ERα, ERβ, GPER1; basis of contraception and menopausal hormone therapy.

Estrogen in Venous Thromboembolism Trial

Estrogen in Venous Thromboembolism Trial (EVTET), Norwegian randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (Høibraaten et al., 2000) of 2 mg estradiol plus 1 mg norethisterone acetate in 140 women with prior VTE; stopped early after 10.7% versus 2.3% recurrence.

Esuberaprost

Esuberaprost (beraprost-314d, APS-314D, CTO-1681) is the active single enantiomer of beraprost, an oral prostacyclin IP receptor agonist developed by United Therapeutics for pulmonary arterial hypertension; its phase 3 BEAT trial missed its primary endpoint.

Eszopiclone

Eszopiclone (Lunesta), the S-enantiomer of zopiclone, is a cyclopyrrolone nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic acting at the GABA_A receptor; FDA-approved 2004 for insomnia, half-life about 6 hours, boxed warning for complex sleep behaviors.

Etanercept

Etanercept (Enbrel), a p75 TNF receptor-Fc fusion protein and first FDA-approved Fc-fusion drug (1998), blocks TNF-α and TNF-β for RA, PsA, AS, psoriasis, and JIA, with biosimilars Erelzi and Eticovo.