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Food impaction
Food impaction: forcible wedging of food between adjacent teeth during chewing (ICD-11 DA0E.4), also esophageal food bolus impaction. Vertical vs horizontal types, proximal contact loss as leading cause, endoscopic retrieval for esophageal cases.
Food insecurity screening
Food insecurity screening is the practice of asking patients validated questions to identify households lacking reliable access to enough food, most often in primary care, pediatric, and emergency settings.
Food Preferences
Food preferences: stable liking and wanting toward specific foods, rooted in innate sweet/salt preference, bitter rejection, and neophobia, shaped by early learning, measured with tools like the 36-item Food Choice Questionnaire across 40+ countries.
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), a non-IgE-mediated food allergy of infants causing delayed vomiting and diarrhea, diagnosed clinically or by oral food challenge, resolving in 85% by age 5.
Food pyramid (nutrition)
Food pyramid (nutrition): triangular food-guide graphic, first devised in Sweden 1974, best known as the USDA Food Guide Pyramid (1992, 6-11 grain servings), replaced by MyPyramid 2005 and MyPlate 2011, revived inverted in the 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines.
Food stamp challenge
Food stamp challenge (SNAP challenge): week-long exercise living on the average SNAP benefit, from the 2007 $21/week congressional challenge to Gwyneth Paltrow's $29 week; used to debate benefit adequacy.
Food4Me trial
Food4Me trial: six-month web-based randomized controlled trial of personalized nutrition in seven European countries (1,607 adults, NCT01530139), part of the EU FP7 Food4Me project (2011-2015). Personalized advice improved diets versus conventional advice, but genotype-based advice added no benefit.
FoodPharmer
FoodPharmer, the online identity of Revant Himatsingka, is an Indian health advocate who reviews food labels, leading to regulatory changes and the launch of his clean-label brand, Only What's Needed, in 2025.
Foodstuff
Foodstuff: legal and trade term for any material intended to be eaten, chewed, or drunk by humans, in changed or unchanged state; synonymous with "food" in Codex Alimentarius usage.
Foot
Foot: terminal human lower-limb structure with 26 bones, 33 joints, three arches, and a windlass mechanism, evolved from a grasping ape-like organ for bipedal walking.
Foot drop
Foot drop (drop foot): inability to lift the front of the foot, usually from peroneal nerve injury or L5 radiculopathy; managed with AFOs, functional electrical stimulation, physiotherapy, and tendon transfer surgery.
Foot odor
Foot odor (bromodosis) is body odor from bacteria metabolizing sweat on the feet, chiefly isovaleric acid from leucine degraded by Staphylococcus epidermidis; hyperhidrosis, fungi, and pitted keratolysis worsen it.
Foot Orthoses
Foot orthoses (orthotics) are in-shoe devices, prefabricated or custom-made, used for foot pain, flatfoot, heel pain, and arthritis; they modestly reduce rearfoot motion and impact forces, with custom devices showing no clear advantage over prefabricated ones.
Foot-skin M&M trial
Foot-skin M&M (NCT04781036) is a Mahidol University randomized, open-label trial of foot-skin microbiome (16S) and sock metabolomics (GC-MS) in 250 Thai naval cadets with pitted keratolysis, treated with 4% chlorhexidine for 2 weeks.
Foramen magnum
Foramen magnum, the largest skull foramen, an oval opening in the occipital bone transmitting the medulla, vertebral arteries, and CN XI roots; key landmark in bipedalism and Chiari surgery.
Foramen ovale (heart)
Foramen ovale (heart): fetal opening between the right and left atria, also called the oval foramen, shunting blood past the lungs; normally closes at birth, persisting as a patent foramen ovale in about 25% of adults.
Foraminoplasty
Foraminoplasty is a surgical procedure that enlarges the intervertebral foramen by undercutting the superior articular process and ablating the foraminal ligament, a key step in the TESSYS technique.
Foraminotomy
Foraminotomy is a spinal decompression procedure that enlarges the neural foramen, the opening where a nerve root exits the spine, to relieve compression causing radiating pain, numbness, or weakness.
Force-feeding
Force-feeding is non-consensual feeding of hunger-striking prisoners, usually by nasogastric tube. Used since the 1909 suffragette strikes; condemned by the WMA Malta Declaration but upheld by US courts and conditionally allowed in Europe.
Forced Expiratory Flow Rates
Forced expiratory flow rates (FEF25-75%, FEF75%, PEF, MMEF) are spirometric flow measurements from the forced expiratory maneuver; once promoted for small airways disease, they are now not recommended for routine clinical use.
Forced Expiratory Volume
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1, VEMS): volume of air forcibly exhaled in one second after full inspiration, measured by spirometry; core index for diagnosing and grading obstructive lung disease, defined by Tiffeneau and Pinelli in 1947.
Forceps biopsy
Forceps biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which cupped forceps passed through an endoscope cut small tissue samples from the gastrointestinal or biliary mucosa for examination.
Forceps delivery
A forceps delivery is an operative vaginal birth in which paired metal blades applied to the fetal head assist delivery, one of two main instrumental methods alongside vacuum extraction.
Fordyce spots
Fordyce spots (Fordyce granules) are benign ectopic sebaceous glands without hair follicles on oral and genital mucosa, seen in 50-80% of adults, visible from puberty, not an STI, treatable cosmetically by electrosurgery or CO2 laser.
Forearm
The forearm, or zygopodium, is the segment of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist, containing the radius and ulna, which allow the hand to turn palm up or palm down.
Foreign accent syndrome
Foreign accent syndrome (FAS) is a rare motor speech disorder in which stroke, brain injury, or other neurological damage makes a person's native speech sound foreign; first described by Pierre Marie in 1907, named by Whitaker in 1982.
Foreign body granuloma of skin
Foreign body granuloma of skin (foreign body reaction, ICD-10 L92.3) is a chronic macrophage and giant-cell reaction to indigestible material such as tattoos, cosmetic fillers, sutures, silica, or splinters, presenting as red-brown nodules and treated by excision, lasers, or steroid injection.
Foreign body in alimentary tract
Foreign body in alimentary tract: swallowed nonfood objects or food bolus impactions lodged in the GI tract, also called ingested foreign bodies. 80-90% pass spontaneously; button batteries, magnets, and sharp objects need emergent endoscopy.
Foreign body in bladder
Foreign body in bladder (intravesical foreign body, ICD-11 ND74.1): an object in the urinary bladder entered via the urethra, migration, iatrogenic injury, or trauma; presents with hematuria, dysuria, frequency; removed cystoscopically.
Foreign body in bronchus
A foreign body in bronchus is an aspirated object lodged in a bronchial airway, a potentially life-threatening condition that usually requires bronchoscopic removal and most often affects children under 3.