Human health and medicine

Gabriele-de Vries syndrome

Gabriele-de Vries syndrome (GADEVS, YY1 haploinsufficiency syndrome, OMIM 617557): rare autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder from de novo YY1 variants or 14q32.2 deletions, causing intellectual disability, feeding and growth problems, dysmorphism, and congenital anomalies.

Sep 29, 2026

GAD-2

The GAD-2 is a two-item self-report questionnaire screening for probable generalized anxiety disorder, the ultra-brief version of the seven-item GAD-7, with a recommended cut-off score of 3.

Oct 15, 2026

Gadodiamide

Gadodiamide (brand name Omniscan) is a linear gadolinium-based contrast agent injected intravenously to enhance MRI, approved in the United States in 1993 but suspended in the European Union since 2017 over brain gadolinium retention.

Gadofosveset

Gadofosveset trisodium (MS-325; Vasovist, Ablavar) is an albumin-binding, blood-pool gadolinium contrast agent for MR angiography, approved in the EU (2005) and US (2008) and later withdrawn or discontinued.

Gadopiclenol

Gadopiclenol (Elucirem, Vueway) is a high-relaxivity macrocyclic gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent approved by the FDA in 2022 and EMA in 2023, dosed at 0.05 mmol/kg, half the standard GBCA dose, with renal excretion and noninferior efficacy to gadobutrol.

Gadoteridol

Gadoteridol (ProHance, Bracco) is a macrocyclic gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent, FDA-approved in 1992, dosed at 0.1 mmol/kg, indicated for CNS MRI including term neonates and adult head and neck MRI, with low NSF risk.

Gadoversetamide

Gadoversetamide (OptiMARK), a linear nonionic gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent, Gd-DTPA-bis(methoxyethylamide), FDA-approved 1999 at 0.1 mmol/kg for CNS and liver imaging; discontinued in the US and its EU authorisation expired in 2017 over NSF and gadolinium retention concerns.

GAESRD trial

GAESRD (GADAD study), NCT06836206: open-label randomized crossover phase 1/2 trial at SEHA Kidney Care, Abu Dhabi, testing 30 g/day gum Arabic versus water for preserving residual renal function in 40 dialysis patients with ESRD.

Gaëtan Dugas

Gaétan Dugas (1953–1984), French-Canadian Air Canada flight attendant wrongly dubbed AIDS "Patient Zero"; marked Patient O (Outside of California) in a 1984 CDC cluster study; exonerated by 2016 Nature genome analysis showing HIV reached New York around 1971.

Gaganasundara Rasa

Gaganasundara Rasa (गगनसुन्दर रस) is a classical Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation from Bhaishajya Ratnavali (AFI 20:11), made of borax, cinnabar, sulphur, and calcined mica with Euphorbia juice, indicated for fever with diarrhea and bleeding disorders.

Gail L. Warden

Gail L. Warden is an American health care executive who led the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit as president and CEO from 1988 to 2003.

Gain-of-function research

Gain-of-function research deliberately modifies organisms, typically pathogens, to enhance traits like transmissibility or virulence; most such research is benign human genetics, but a small pandemic-potential subset drove the 2014 US funding pause and the 2025-2026 dangerous gain-of-function prohibition.

Gait

Gait: the pattern of human or animal walking and running, analyzed via the gait cycle (60% stance, 40% swing). Also called locomotion analysis; measured by observational, 3D laboratory, wearable IMU, and video methods.

Sep 29, 2026

Gait analysis

Gait analysis is the clinical recording and interpretation of walking measurements, using motion capture, force plates, and EMG to diagnose gait disorders and plan treatment.

Sep 29, 2026

Gait training

Gait training is a rehabilitation therapy using repetitive walking practice, assistive devices, or robotic aids to improve walking after stroke, spinal cord injury, and other impairments.

GALA-FD trial

GALA-FD (NCT06416657) is a randomized trial at Beijing Tiantan Hospital comparing general anesthesia with local anesthesia alone for flow diverter treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms; 188 participants, primary outcome mRS ≤2 at 90 days.

Galactokinase deficiency

Galactokinase deficiency (GALK, galactosemia type II, OMIM 230200) is an autosomal recessive GALK1 enzyme defect causing galactitol-driven infantile cataract, sometimes pseudotumor cerebri, treated with a lifelong galactose-restricted diet.

Galactorrhea (γαλακτόρροια)

Galactorrhea (γαλακτόρροια), non-lactational breast milk production, affects about 20-25% of women; usually from medication-induced hyperprolactinemia or prolactinomas, treated with cabergoline.

Galactorrhoea

Galactorrhoea, also spelled galactorrhea, is milky nipple discharge unrelated to childbirth or nursing. It is a clinical sign rather than a disease, often caused by high prolactin from medications or pituit tumors.

Galactose epimerase deficiency

Galactose epimerase deficiency (GALE deficiency, galactosemia type III, OMIM 230350) is an autosomal recessive disorder of the GALE gene (1p36) with generalized, intermediate, and peripheral forms, treated by galactose-restricted diet.

Galactose mutarotase deficiency

Galactose mutarotase deficiency, or GALM deficiency, type IV galactosemia, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism caused by GALM gene variants, first defined in 2019 in Japan, causing neonatal galactosemia and cataracts.

Galactosialidosis

Galactosialidosis (Goldberg syndrome) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by CTSA variants, causing combined beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase deficiency, in early infantile, late infantile, and juvenile/adult forms.

Galantamine

Galantamine (galanthamine), a plant-derived acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from snowdrop (Galanthus), treats mild to moderate Alzheimer's symptoms; FDA-approved 2001 as Razadyne, formerly Nivalin and Reminyl.

Galcanezumab

Galcanezumab (Emgality, galcanezumab-gnlm) is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody against CGRP ligand, FDA-approved in 2018 for migraine prevention and episodic cluster headache, dosed 240 mg loading then 120 mg monthly.

Galen (Γαληνός)

Galen (Γαληνός, Galēnos, 129–c. 200 CE), Greek physician of Pergamon, court doctor to Marcus Aurelius, systematized Hippocratic four-humor medicine, pioneered animal vivisection, and dominated European and Islamic medicine for about 1,300 years.

Galeterone

Galeterone (TOK-001, VN/124-1) is a steroidal CYP17A1 inhibitor, androgen receptor antagonist, and AR degrader developed for prostate cancer; its phase 3 ARMOR3-SV trial versus enzalutamide in AR-V7-positive metastatic CRPC stopped early and development was discontinued.