Human health and medicine

Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin regimen

The gemcitabine and oxaliplatin regimen, abbreviated GemOx, is a two-drug combination chemotherapy used mainly for advanced biliary tract cancer and relapsed or refractory lymphoid malignancies.

Gemcitabine and vinorelbine regimen

The gemcitabine and vinorelbine regimen is a two-drug combination chemotherapy pairing gemcitabine with vinorelbine, studied mainly in metastatic breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, and recurrent ovarian cancer.

Gemcitabine monotherapy regimen

Gemcitabine monotherapy is a chemotherapy regimen in which gemcitabine is given intravenously alone, approved in 1996 for advanced pancreatic cancer and now mainly used in elderly or frail patients.

GEMCOVAC-19 (HGCO19)

GEMCOVAC-19 (HGCO19) is India's first indigenous mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, a lyophilized self-amplifying mRNA vaccine against the D614G SARS-CoV-2 spike made by Gennova Biopharmaceuticals with HDT Bio, stored at 2–8°C and authorized for restricted emergency use in India in June 2022.

Gemeprost

Gemeprost (Cervagem), a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue given as vaginal pessaries, induces second-trimester abortion and ripens the cervix; largely superseded by misoprostol.

Gemfibrozil

Gemfibrozil (Lopid) is a fibrate, PPAR-alpha agonist lipid-lowering drug introduced by Parke-Davis that lowers triglycerides and raises HDL; now discouraged with statins because it inhibits statin glucuronidation, raising myopathy risk, with fenofibrate preferred.

Gemifloxacin

Gemifloxacin (Factive), an oral fluoroquinolone antibiotic approved by the FDA in 2003, treats ABECB and mild-to-moderate CAP at 320 mg daily; oral-only, dual gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibition.

Gemigliptin

Gemigliptin (Zemiglo, 제미글로; LC15-0444) is a once-daily 50 mg DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes, developed by LG Life Sciences and first approved in Korea in June 2012 as Korea's first domestically developed anti-diabetic new drug.

GEMINI I trial

GEMINI I (GEMINI 1, NCT00783718), phase 3 vedolizumab trial in 895 adults with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis; week 6 response 47.1% vs 25.5% placebo, week 52 remission 44.8% vs 15.9%; basis for vedolizumab UC approval.

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg), a CD33-targeted antibody-drug conjugate with calicheamicin for acute myeloid leukemia; approved 2000, withdrawn 2010, reapproved 2017 at fractionated 3 mg/m2 dosing.

GEN-AFRICA study

GEN-AFRICA (NCT05685810) is a UK observational registry, sponsored by King's College Hospital NHS Trust, studying genetic and clinical determinants of kidney, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease in 3,029 people of African ancestry with HIV; key findings include APOL1 variant effects on acute kidney injury.

Gender differences in suicide

Gender differences in suicide: the gender paradox, where women attempt suicide more often but men die more often, explained by method lethality, intent, help-seeking, and social roles, with global trends and prevention evidence.

Gender dysphoria

Gender dysphoria is the DSM-5-TR diagnosis of clinically significant distress from incongruence between experienced gender and sex assigned at birth; ICD-11 instead uses gender incongruence, classified under sexual health, with distinct criteria and treatment frameworks.

Gender incongruence of childhood

Gender incongruence of childhood (ICD-11 HA61) is a WHO sexual-health diagnosis for pre-pubertal children with a marked, roughly two-year incongruence between experienced gender and assigned sex, replacing ICD-10's gender identity disorder of childhood.

Gender-affirming hormone therapy

Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is the medical administration of estrogen or testosterone, with adjunct antiandrogens or GnRH agonists, to align secondary sex characteristics with a person's gender identity.

Gender-affirming surgery

Gender-affirming surgery (sex reassignment surgery) aligns physical characteristics with gender identity, spanning vaginoplasty, phalloplasty, chest, and facial procedures; first recorded 1931 in Berlin, standardized by WPATH Standards of Care since 1979.

Gender-affirming vaginoplasty

Gender-affirming vaginoplasty is a surgical procedure that constructs a neovagina, labia, and clitoris as part of gender-affirming care, most often for transgender women, with penile inversion the main technique.

GenderGP

GenderGP: private online gender-affirming healthcare service founded 2015 by Dr Helen Webberley; subscription model (£220 setup, £35.99/28 days), WPATH-guideline HRT prescribing, no puberty blockers for under-18s; unregulated by CQC per NHS England.

Gendicine (recombinant human p53 adenovirus)

Gendicine (今又生), recombinant human p53 adenovirus injection by Shenzhen SiBiono, approved in China October 2003 as the world's first gene therapy drug; treats head and neck squamous carcinoma with radiotherapy via intratumoral injection.

Gene panel testing

Gene panel testing is a diagnostic method that sequences multiple genes associated with a suspected condition, such as cancer or an inherited disease, at once.

Gene replacement therapy

Gene replacement therapy delivers a functional copy of a disease-causing gene into a patient's cells, typically via AAV vectors; the first trial was in 1990, and seven AAV products were FDA-approved by 2025.

Gene therapy

Gene therapy modifies a person's genes to treat or cure disease, using viral vectors, plasmid DNA, gene editing, or modified cells. First US use 1990 at NIH; 40 products approved globally by Q1 2026, including Casgevy, the first CRISPR therapy.

Gene therapy of the human retina

Gene therapy of the human retina: AAV-mediated delivery of therapeutic genes to treat inherited retinal diseases and neovascular disorders. Luxturna (voretigene neparvovec, 2017) is the first approved product, for biallelic RPE65 retinal dystrophy.

Gene–environment interaction analysis

Gene–environment interaction analysis is a set of statistical methods testing whether an environmental exposure's effect on disease differs across genotypes, using case-control, case-only, and genome-wide designs.

GENEPSO study

GENEPSO (Gene Etude Prospective Sein Ovaire) is a French national prospective cohort, started in 2000, following BRCA1/2 and PALB2 mutation carriers at 29 clinics to study lifestyle and genetic cancer risk factors, linked to GEMO.

General anaesthesia

General anaesthesia (general anaesthetic) is drug-induced reversible unconsciousness with amnesia, analgesia, and immobility, given intravenously or by inhaled gas; onset within about a minute, effects up to 24 hours, serious allergic reaction under 1 in 10,000.