25,729 articles
Health and human rights
Health and human rights: interdisciplinary field linking health and human rights law, rooted in ICESCR Article 12 and General Comment 14, launched by Jonathan Mann and the journal Health and Human Rights (1994).
Health and Safety Executive
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is Britain's national regulator for workplace health and safety, formed on 1 January 1975 under the Health and Safety at Work Act.
Health at Every Size
Health at Every Size (HAES) is a weight-neutral health approach trademarked by ASDAH, founded 2003, with five principles including weight inclusivity; trial evidence shows behavioral and psychosocial gains comparable to weight-loss programs.
Health belief model
Health belief model (HBM): behavior change framework from 1950s US Public Health Service (Hochbaum, Rosenstock) with six constructs: susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy; widely used for screening and vaccination research.
Health Canada
Health Canada (Santé Canada), the federal health department established by 1996 legislation, regulates drugs, medical devices, food, pesticides, tobacco, and consumer products and stewards the Canada Health Act within the Health Portfolio.
Health care
Health care: organized prevention, treatment, and management of disease within a health system. Covers universal health coverage, primary health care, Bismarck-era origins, and Commonwealth Fund and OECD performance comparisons where the U.S. ranks last.
Health Care Costs
Health care costs are the actual expenses of providing health care services, including procedures, therapies, and medications. US national health spending reached $5.3 trillion in 2024.
Health care in Australia
Health care in Australia: a mixed public-private system built on Medicare, universal health insurance since 1984 (preceded by Medibank, 1975). Life expectancy 83 years; spending $7,469 per capita USD PPP, 10.3% of GDP; 200.3 million subsidised primary care services in 2024-25.
Health care in France
Health care in France: universal statutory health insurance (SHI, PUMa since 2016) covering all legal residents, funded by payroll taxes, CSG, and taxes, supplemented by complementary insurance (96% coverage), with high spending, medical deserts, and workforce shortages as main challenges.
Health Care Reform
Health care reform is the critical review and modification of a health system, reorganizing delivery and insurance to serve the uninsured, elderly, and indigent; the Affordable Care Act of 2010 is the major U.S. example.
Health care system in Japan
Japan's health care system: universal mandatory public insurance (Employees' Health Insurance, National Health Insurance) since 1961, uniform national fee schedule, 10-30% coinsurance, plus Long-Term Care Insurance since 2000; 10.7% of GDP spending, no GP gatekeeping.
Health Care, Failure to Rescue
Failure to rescue (FTR), also failure-to-rescue, a healthcare quality measure defined as death after a postoperative complication, introduced by Silber in 1992; linked to nursing staffing, ICU capacity, teaching status, and hospital size.
Health Catchment Area
Health catchment area (health service area): the geographic population a health facility or program serves, used as its denominator. Defined by utilisation, travel-time, fixed-radius, Voronoi, or 2SFCA gravity methods.
Health club
Health club: a commercial fitness business offering exercise equipment, classes, pools, and saunas on membership or pay-per-visit terms. Also called gym or fitness center; US membership reached 81 million in 2025.
Health communication
Health communication: multidisciplinary field applying communication theory, evidence, and strategy to advance health and well-being; term first used by the ICA in 1975; spans provider-patient interaction, campaigns, health literacy, and social media.
Health education
Health education, also known as health class, is planned learning that gives people the knowledge and skills to make quality health decisions, in schools, workplaces, and clinics.
Health Education & Behavior
Health Education & Behavior (HE&B) is a peer-reviewed bimonthly Sage journal, official publication of SOPHE, publishing health behavior research, program evaluations, and reviews; formerly Health Education Quarterly, ISSNs 1090-1981/1552-6127.
Health Education England
Health Education England (HEE) was the NHS arm's-length body for workforce education, training and planning in England from 2013 until its abolition, when its functions transferred to NHS England on 1 April 2023.
Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks
Health effects of the September 11 attacks: WTC dust (asbestos, silica, PAHs, pulverized concrete) caused respiratory disease, certified cancers, and PTSD among ~409,000 exposed people; WTC Health Program covers care through 2090.
Health effects of salt
Health effects of salt: dietary sodium chloride raises blood pressure, increasing cardiovascular, gastric cancer, kidney, and other risks. Global intake 11 g/day salt vs WHO's <5 g; 1.7 million deaths yearly; DASH, TOHP, and SSaSS trial evidence.
Health effects of sunlight exposure
Health effects of sunlight exposure: UV radiation (UVA 315–400 nm, UVB 280–315 nm) causes sunburn, skin cancers, cataracts, and immunosuppression, while UVB enables vitamin D synthesis; UVA may lower blood pressure via nitric oxide.
Health effects of tobacco
Health effects of tobacco: diseases and deaths from tobacco use and secondhand smoke. Over 7 million deaths yearly, 7,000+ smoke chemicals, cancer, heart disease, COPD; 1964 Surgeon General report; quitting lowers risk.
Health effects of vitamin D
The health effects of vitamin D beyond deficiency: large randomized trials find near-null results for fractures, cardiovascular events, cancer, and respiratory infections in healthy adults.
Health Equity
Health equity: fair opportunity for all to attain full health, pursued by eliminating health disparities in which disadvantaged groups systematically fare worse; defined by Braveman and Whitehead, monitored by WHO and US frameworks.
Health Expenditures
Health expenditures: amounts spent by individuals, organizations, and nations on health care, also called health spending. Measured via SHA 2011 and WHO GHED (190+ countries since 2000); OECD average near USD 6,000 per capita in 2024, US highest at over USD 14,880.
Health Facilities
Health facilities are institutions providing medical or health-related services, from hospitals and laboratories to pharmacies and residential care homes (MeSH D006268). Coverage includes classification, WHO hospital roles, SARA/HHFA readiness assessment, and documented readiness gaps in low- and middle-income countries.
Health hazard
Health hazard: any agent or condition with the potential to cause illness, distinct from safety hazards causing injury. Covers hazard versus risk, hazard quotients, screening tools, EPA, NIOSH, and UKHSA assessment frameworks.
Health impact assessment
A health impact assessment (HIA) is a structured process, applied before a decision is made, that judges how a proposed policy, plan, or project could affect population health.
Health Inequities
Health inequities are avoidable, unjust differences in health across population groups, also called health disparities or health inequalities. They arise from social determinants such as income, housing, education, and discrimination, with a 33-year life expectancy gap between countries.
Health insurance
Health insurance: pooled coverage of medical costs via premiums, deductibles, copays, and coinsurance; also called UHC when universal. Covers market failures (adverse selection, moral hazard), history from Bismarck's 1880s Germany, and US ACA marketplace rules.