25,729 articles
Alveolar Bone Grafting
Alveolar bone grafting (ABG) repairs the bony alveolar cleft in cleft lip and palate, typically with autogenous iliac crest cancellous bone at ages 6 to 11; alternatives and adjuncts show no consistent superiority.
Alveolar osteitis
Alveolar osteitis, commonly called dry socket, is a painful complication of tooth extraction in which the blood clot disintegrates and bone is exposed, with pain worsening 1 to 3 days after surgery.
Alveolar ridge augmentation
Alveolar ridge augmentation is a dental surgical procedure that rebuilds bone volume in a resorbed jaw ridge so dental implants or dentures can be supported.
Alveolar soft tissue sarcoma
Alveolar soft tissue sarcoma, or alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS), is an ultra-rare ASPSCR1-TFE3 fusion-driven sarcoma of adolescents and young adults, arising in deep soft tissue, metastasizing early to lung, bone, and brain, treated by surgery and atezolizumab.
Alveolar–arterial gradient
Alveolar–arterial gradient (A-a gradient, P(A–a)O2): difference between alveolar and arterial oxygen partial pressures, calculated via the alveolar gas equation; normal 5–15 mmHg, widens with V/Q mismatch, shunt, or diffusion limitation.
Alveolectomy
Alveolectomy: preprosthetic oral surgery removing part or all of the alveolar bone ridge (also called alveoloplasty when recontouring) to prepare for dentures; techniques include rongeur, bur, and piezosurgery.
Alveolitis of jaw
Alveolitis of jaw, also called dry socket or alveolar osteitis, is painful inflammation of a tooth socket after extraction when the blood clot is lost, exposing bone; affects 0.5–7% of routine extractions and 20–30% of third molar surgeries.
Alveoloplasty
Alveoloplasty (alveoloplastia) is surgical recontouring of the alveolar ridge after tooth extraction, usually to prepare for dentures; performed primary (with extraction) or secondary, using rongeurs, burs, bone files, or piezosurgery; distinct from alveolectomy and ridge preservation.
Alveolus
Alveolus is a terminal air sac found in the lungs, necessary for rapid gaseous exchange with blood. Approximately 300 million of these polyhedral sacs exist per adult lung.
Alvimopan
Alvimopan (Entereg), a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist approved by the FDA in 2008, accelerates gastrointestinal recovery after bowel resection; strong evidence in open surgery, uncertain benefit in minimally invasive procedures.
ALVO study
ALVO study (NCT02818868): Japanese multicenter observational registry of 686 patients with acute large vessel occlusion stroke and atrial fibrillation started on apixaban within 14 days; 9.6% composite death/bleeding/ischemia at 90 days, 17.5% at one year.
Alvocidib
Alvocidib, developed as flavopiridol, is a semisynthetic flavonoid CDK inhibitor derived from rohitukine that entered human trials in the late 1990s as a treatment for acute myeloid leukemia.
Alyce Cleese
Alyce Cleese (Alyce Faye Eichelberger Cleese, née McBride, born 1944) is an American psychotherapist, author of How to Manage Your Mother, and John Cleese's third wife (1992-2008), from Frederick, Oklahoma.
Alzheimer Society of Canada
Alzheimer Society of Canada (Société Alzheimer du Canada), national health charity founded 1978, Toronto-based, supporting people with dementia via First Link, Minds in Motion, and the ASRP research program, which has funded over $87 million since 1989.
Alzheimer's Association
Alzheimer's Association, with the Alzheimer's Impact Movement (AIM), is the largest US dementia nonprofit: FY25 revenue over $474 million, $112.2 million research commitment, 24/7 helpline, AAIC conference, and blood-biomarker guidelines.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder defined by amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles, is the most common dementia (60–80% of cases). Covers 2024 biological diagnostic criteria, p-tau217 blood tests, lecanemab and donanemab, ARIA risks, epidemiology, and contested amyloid hypothesis.
Alzheimer's Society
Alzheimer's Society (charity 296645), UK dementia charity founded 1979 as Alzheimer's Disease Society; provides support services, funds research, campaigns; distinct from Alzheimer's Research UK and Alzheimer Scotland; income £143.8m in 2024/25.
Am j trop med hyg
Am J Trop Med Hyg abbreviates The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, the ASTMH's monthly peer-reviewed tropical medicine journal, founded 1921, merged into its current form in 1952, online-only since 2023.
Ama0076
Ama0076 (AMA-0076, PHP-201, sovesudil) is a soft-drug ROCK inhibitor eye drop from Amakem Therapeutics for glaucoma; phase II NTG trial showed 0.5% TID lowered IOP with low hyperaemia rates.
Amacrine cell
Amacrine cell: inhibitory retinal interneuron of the inner nuclear/ganglion cell layers, GABAergic or glycinergic, with 40–60+ types; key to direction selectivity, rod (AII) circuits, and conserved across 24 vertebrate species.
Amalakyadi Curna
Amalakyadi Curna (Āmalakyādi cūrṇa) is a classical Ayurvedic powder of five equal parts: amla, haritaki, pippali, chitraka, and rock salt, used as appetizer, digestive, and antipyretic, official in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.
Amalgam (dentistry)
Dental amalgam, the "silver filling" material of roughly 50% elemental mercury with silver, tin, and copper, has been used over 150 years; it outlasts composite but is being phased out under the Minamata Convention by 2034.
Amantadine
Amantadine (1-aminoadamantane, Symmetrel, GOCOVRI) is an adamantane antiviral approved in 1966 for influenza A2, serendipitously found to treat Parkinson's disease, now used for dyskinesia; CDC no longer recommends it for flu due to resistance.
Amarpreet Singh Sawhney
Amarpreet Singh Sawhney is an Indian-American chemical engineer and medical device inventor, CEO of Instylla in Lexington, Massachusetts, elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2020 for hydrogel-based devices including ReSure Sealant and SpaceOAR.
Amaurosis fugax
Amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness) is brief, painless one-eye vision loss from retinal ischemia, usually carotid emboli; carries about half the stroke risk of cerebral TIA.
Amavatari rasa
Amavatari rasa (आमवातारी रस), also Amavatari Ras, is a mercury-containing Kharaliya herbo-mineral Ayurvedic formulation from Bhaishajya Ratnavalli used for Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis); kajjali, Triphala, Chitraka, Guggulu, castor oil; 5-year shelf life.
Ambenonium
Ambenonium (Mysuran, Mytelase) is a quaternary ammonium, reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor introduced in 1955 for myasthenia gravis; longer-acting and more potent than neostigmine, now a second-line option for pyridostigmine-intolerant patients.
Ambidexterity
Ambidexterity: equal skill or no preference between both hands, distinct from mixed-handedness. Rare in humans (about 2% of adults); linked to weak lateralization, negligible cognitive differences, and no confirmed corpus callosum enlargement.
Ambika Bajpayee
Ambika Bajpayee is a bioengineer at Northeastern University who designs positively charged drug carriers that penetrate negatively charged tissues like cartilage, earning the 2025 PECASE award.
Amblyopia
Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is childhood vision loss from abnormal brain-eye development, with refractive, strabismic, and deprivational types; treated by patching, atropine, and newer binocular therapies.