25,729 articles
Alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Alloimmune thrombocytopenia, chiefly fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT, NAIT), is maternal anti-HPA antibody-mediated fetal platelet destruction, causing thrombocytopenia and intracranial hemorrhage; treated with IVIG and platelet transfusion.
AlloNK1 trial
AlloNK1 (NCT07247201) is a Singapore General Hospital phase 1/2 trial adding donor-derived allogeneic NK cells to chemoradiotherapy for high-risk stage III-IV nasopharyngeal cancer, seeking the maximum tolerated dose and reduced plasma EBV-DNA detectability.
Allopathic medicine
Allopathic medicine, also called allopathy, biomedicine, or conventional Western medicine, is evidence-based medical care using drugs, surgery, and radiation; the term was coined by homeopathy founder Samuel Hahnemann and shaped by the 1910 Flexner Report, and denotes MD practice as distinct from osteopathic (DO) medicine.
Allopurinol
Allopurinol is an oral xanthine oxidase inhibitor, also called Zyloprim, approved in 1966 for gout, cancer-therapy hyperuricemia, and hyperuricosuric kidney stones; dosing is titrated to urate targets with HLA-B*58:01 testing advised in some groups.
Allotransplantation
Allotransplantation, also called homologous transplantation, is the transplant of organs, tissue, or cells between members of the same species who are not identical twins, as in most human organ transplants.
Allred score
The Allred score is a histopathological scoring method for estrogen and progesterone receptor status in breast cancer, combining staining proportion and intensity into a total from 0 to 8.
Almitrine
Almitrine, sold as Vectarion and Armanor, is a respiratory stimulant for chronic respiratory failure in COPD, withdrawn across the EU in 2013 after causing peripheral neuropathy and weight loss.
Almorexant
Almorexant (ACT-078573), Actelion's dual orexin receptor antagonist for insomnia, was the first DORA in clinical development; Phase III trials were discontinued in January 2011 over liver enzyme elevations.
Almotriptan
Almotriptan (Almogran, Axert) is an oral 5-HT1B/1D triptan for acute migraine, approved 2001; standard 12.5 mg dose matches sumatriptan 100 mg efficacy with fewer adverse events.
Alogliptin
Alogliptin (Nesina, Vipidia; code SYR-322) is Takeda's once-daily DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes, FDA-approved January 25, 2013, dosed 25 mg daily with renal adjustments, with cardiovascular safety shown in the EXAMINE trial.
Alois Alzheimer
Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915), German psychiatrist and neuropathologist, described Alzheimer's disease from patient Auguste Deter in 1906; Kraepelin named the disease after him in 1910.
Alok Kanojia
Alok Kanojia, known online as Dr. K, is an American Harvard-trained psychiatrist who co-founded Healthy Gamer, a mental health platform offering content and coaching for gamers.
Alonzo Yerby
Alonzo Smythe Yerby (1921–1994) was an American physician and public health administrator who served as New York City's Commissioner of Hospitals and later headed health services administration at Harvard.
Alopecia areata
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune, T-cell–mediated disease attacking hair follicles, causing nonscarring patchy hair loss, alopecia totalis, or universalis; treated with corticosteroids and FDA-approved JAK inhibitors baricitinib, ritlecitinib, and deuruxolitinib.
Alopecia totalis
Alopecia totalis is complete scalp hair loss from the autoimmune disease alopecia areata, non-scarring, often progressing within 6 months, with no FDA-approved therapy and limited treatment evidence including JAK inhibitors.
Alopecia universalis
Alopecia universalis (AU), the most severe form of alopecia areata, is complete autoimmune loss of all scalp and body hair, affecting about 0.03% of people; treated with JAK inhibitors or contact immunotherapy.
Alopecia-intellectual disability syndrome
Alopecia-intellectual disability syndrome, also called APMR or Perniola-Krajewska-Carnevale syndrome, is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder combining hair loss with intellectual disability, described in fewer than 20 families worldwide.
Alosetron
Alosetron (Lotronex), a 5-HT3 antagonist for severe IBS-D in women; approved 2000, withdrawn 2000, reintroduced 2002 under REMS; risks include ischemic colitis and severe constipation.
Alpelisib
Alpelisib, sold as Piqray and Vijoice, is an oral PI3Kα inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2019, with fulvestrant, for PIK3CA-mutated hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.
Alpen (food)
Alpen is a Swiss-style muesli breakfast cereal launched in 1971 by Weetabix, inspired by Swiss muesli; made of wheat flakes, oats, raisins, milk powder, and nuts, now owned by Post Holdings.
Alpha blocker
Alpha blockers (alpha-adrenergic antagonists) are drugs blocking alpha-1 receptors, used as second-line hypertension therapy and first-line drugs for BPH; examples include tamsulosin, silodosin, doxazosin, terazosin, alfuzosin, and prazosin.
Alpha motor neuron
Alpha motor neuron (α-motoneuron): large lower motor neuron of the spinal cord and brainstem that innervates extrafusal muscle fibers via acetylcholine, forms motor units, follows the size principle, and degenerates in ALS.
Alpha wave
Alpha wave (alpha rhythm, Berger rhythm): 8–13 Hz EEG oscillation over posterior scalp during relaxed eyes-closed wakefulness, discovered by Hans Berger in 1924, blocked by eye opening and attention, interpreted as pulsed functional inhibition.
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD, Alpha-1, PiZZ) is a SERPINA1 inherited disorder causing early emphysema and liver disease; treated with IV augmentation therapy, with base-editing medicines like BEAM-302 in trials.
Alpha-adrenergic agonist
Alpha-adrenergic agonists are drugs stimulating α1 receptors (phenylephrine, vasoconstriction, reflex bradycardia) or α2/imidazoline receptors (clonidine, lowered sympathetic outflow, sedation), used as vasopressors, decongestants, and antihypertensives.
Alpha-dystroglycan-related limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R16
LGMD R16 (formerly LGMD2P, MDDGC9) is a rare autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy caused by DAG1 mutations, with childhood-onset proximal weakness, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and calf hypertrophy.
Alpha-fetoprotein (α-fetoprotein)
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a fetal liver and yolk sac glycoprotein used as a prenatal screening test and as a tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors, with surveillance cutoff 20 ng/mL and diagnosis now imaging-based.
Alpha-gal syndrome
Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), also called red meat allergy or mammalian meat allergy, is a tick-bite-induced IgE allergy to the sugar galactose-α-1,3-galactose, causing delayed reactions to mammalian meat, dairy, gelatin, and drugs like cetuximab; primarily linked to the lone star tick in the US.
Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine
Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC, choline alphoscerate) is a choline-donor phospholipid (C8H20NO6P, 41% choline) used as a drug and supplement for cognitive impairment, with pooled trial benefits and an unresolved stroke-risk signal.
Alpha-mannosidosis
Alpha-mannosidosis (lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by MAN2B1 mutations on chromosome 19, marked by immune deficiency, skeletal and facial abnormalities, hearing loss, and intellectual decline; treated with velmanase alfa ERT.