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Lichen planus pigmentosus
Lichen planus pigmentosus (LP pigmentosa) is a rare variant of lichen planus causing grey-brown macular hyperpigmentation on sun-exposed or flexural skin, common in Indian and Middle Eastern populations, chronic and often treatment-resistant.
Lichen sclerosus
Lichen sclerosus, formerly kraurosis vulvae or balanitis xerotica obliterans, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the anogenital area, most common in postmenopausal women, treated first-line with ultrapotent topical corticosteroids and carrying a squamous cell carcinoma risk.
Lichen sclerosus of vulva
Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS), also called lichen sclerosus et atrophicus or kraurosis vulvae, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the vulva and perianal skin causing itchy white patches, scarring, and a 4–6.7% vulvar cancer risk; treated with potent topical corticosteroids such as clobetasol propionate 0.05%.
Lichen scrofulosorum
Lichen scrofulosorum, also called tuberculosis cutis lichenoides, is an uncommon tuberculid in which tiny asymptomatic follicular papules appear on the trunk of children with tuberculosis elsewhere.
Lichen simplex
Lichen simplex (lichen simplex chronicus, neurodermatitis) is a chronic itchy skin disorder with lichenified plaques caused by an itch-scratch cycle; treated mainly with potent topical corticosteroids and behavioral measures.
Lichenoid dermatoses
Lichenoid dermatoses (ICD-11 EA92), also called lichenoid eruptions or lichenoid disorders, are inflammatory skin conditions with a band-like lymphocytic infiltrate damaging the epidermal-dermal interface; lichen planus is the prototype, with drug, contact, and autoimmune causes.
Lichenoid drug eruption
Lichenoid drug eruption (LDE), also called drug-induced lichen planus, is an uncommon adverse drug reaction mimicking lichen planus, caused mainly by checkpoint inhibitors, TKIs, calcium channel blockers, and statins, with long latency and slow resolution.
Lichenoid mucositis
Lichenoid mucositis (ICD-11 EA91.43) is cell-mediated oral mucosal inflammation with band-like lymphocytic interface infiltrate, mimicking oral lichen planus; caused by drugs, dental amalgam, flavoring agents, and graft-versus-host disease, with dysplastic lesions showing up to 6.31% malignant transformation.
Lichong Decoction
理冲汤 (Lichong Decoction), a nine-herb formula by Zhang Xichun in Yixue Zhongzhong Canxilu, combines qi tonics with blood-moving herbs for amenorrhea, postpartum masses, and now studied in fibroids, adenomyosis, and ovarian cancer.
Lichtenstein repair
The Lichtenstein repair is an open, tension-free operation for inguinal hernia that places polypropylene mesh over the inguinal canal floor; it is the most commonly used repair.
Lichtenstein technique
The Lichtenstein technique is an open inguinal hernia repair in which flat synthetic mesh reinforces the groin floor without tension, described by Irving Lichtenstein in 1989.
Lick granuloma
Lick granuloma (acral lick dermatitis) is a chronic self-inflicted skin lesion in dogs from persistent licking, usually on a lower limb, driven by allergies, pain, infection, or anxiety, with secondary deep bacterial infection common.
Liddle's syndrome
Liddle's syndrome (pseudoaldosteronism) is a rare autosomal dominant, low-renin hypertension caused by gain-of-function ENaC mutations in SCNN1B/SCNN1G, causing early-onset hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis, treated with amiloride or triamterene.
Lidocaine
Lidocaine (lignocaine, Xylocaine), an amide local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic synthesized by Löfgren and Lundqvist in 1943 and marketed 1948; the most used dental local anesthetic, acting by blocking neuronal ionic fluxes.
Lie detection
Lie detection, best known through the polygraph or lie detector, infers deception from physiological responses. Invented by Marston, Larson, and Keeler in the 1910s-1920s, it is above chance but scientifically weak, excluded from most courts, and used mainly for security screening.
Life expectancy
Life expectancy: average remaining years of life at a given age, computed from life tables. Period vs cohort measures; global level 73.3 years in 2023 after a 1.8-year COVID-19 drop; wide regional and socio-economic gaps.
Life extension
Life extension: efforts to slow or reverse biological aging to prolong human lifespan. Key interventions: calorie restriction, rapamycin, metformin, senolytics, NAD+ precursors, partial reprogramming; no intervention yet proven to extend maximum human lifespan.
Life support
Life support: medical procedures that replace or support failing organs, including mechanical ventilation, CPR, tube feeding, dialysis, and ECMO (first successful 1971, Robert Bartlett). Covers history, limits, and withdrawal decisions.
LIFE trial
LIFE trial (Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders, NCT01072500): Phase 3 US randomized trial of 1,635 sedentary adults aged 70-89; structured physical activity reduced major mobility disability (30.1% vs 35.5%, HR 0.82) versus health education, with null cognitive and fall-injury results.
Lifestyle disease
Lifestyle disease, also called noncommunicable disease (NCD), is a chronic disease shaped by tobacco use, unhealthy diet, inactivity, and harmful alcohol use. Includes cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers; 43 million NCD deaths in 2021.
LifeVest
The LifeVest is a wearable cardioverter defibrillator made by ZOLL Medical Corporation of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, FDA approved in 2001 as a temporary bridge before an implantable defibrillator.
Lifibrol
Lifibrol (K 12.148, CAS 96609-16-4), an investigational phenoxy-acid lipid-lowering drug for hypercholesterolemia that lowers LDL cholesterol over 40% by enhancing LDL-receptor activity through a mechanism distinct from statins and fibrates; reached Phase 3 but was never marketed.
Lifileucel
Lifileucel, sold as Amtagvi and formerly LN-144, is a T cell immunotherapy made from a patient's own tumor tissue, approved for advanced melanoma in 2024.
Lifirafenib
Lifirafenib (BGB-283) is a BeiGene/BeOne investigational pan-RAF and EGFR inhibitor for MAPK-driven tumors; phase I MTD 40 mg/day, activity in BRAF V600-mutated melanoma, thyroid, and ovarian cancers, studied with mirdametinib.
Lifitegrast
Lifitegrast (Xiidra) is a preservative-free 5% LFA-1 antagonist eye drop approved by the FDA in July 2016 for dry eye disease signs and symptoms; common effects are instillation site irritation and dysgeusia.
LIFTRAF-RCT trial
LIFTRAF-RCT (NCT05263661) is a phase III randomized trial at Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía de Murcia, Spain, comparing LIFT with rectal advancement flap in 72 patients with complex anal fistula, with 12-month recurrence as the primary endpoint.
LIG4 syndrome
LIG4 syndrome, also called DNA ligase IV syndrome (OMIM 606593, ORPHA 99812), is a rare autosomal recessive NHEJ repair disorder causing microcephaly, bird-like facies, radiosensitivity, combined immunodeficiency, pancytopenia, and lymphoid malignancy risk.
Ligament reconstruction
Ligament reconstruction is a surgical procedure that replaces a torn ligament, such as the knee's ACL, with a tendon graft passed through bone tunnels to restore stability.
Ligamentous laxity
Ligamentous laxity, or joint hypermobility, is looseness of ligaments allowing joints to move beyond normal range; assessed by the Beighton score, linked to collagen genes, EDS, ACL injury, and disc herniation.
Ligamentum arteriosum
The ligamentum arteriosum, also called the Ligament of Botallo, is the fibrous remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus, running from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch.