25,729 articles
List of psychotropic medications
List of psychotropic medications: medicines affecting mind, emotions, and behavior, organized by class (antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, stimulants, sedatives), with key examples, history from chlorpromazine (1950), and WHO access data.
List of regions in the human brain
Regions of the human brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla), diencephalon, six cerebral lobes, cortical areas, and modern atlas parcellations such as AHRAv2 and Brodmann areas.
List of Russian drugs
Russian drugs: the 17,000+ medicines registered in Russia, their Soviet-era regulatory origins, the 61-FZ law, Roszdravnadzor and SCEEMP oversight, and market and localization data.
List of suicide crisis lines
The list of suicide crisis lines provides free, confidential emotional support and referrals to people in crisis. The first such service opened in London, England, in 1953.
List of surgical procedures
List of surgical procedures: classification of operations by purpose (diagnostic, curative, reconstructive, palliative) and body system, plus common named procedures such as appendectomy, cholecystectomy, cesarean section, and coronary artery bypass, with open, laparoscopic, and robotic approaches.
List of the oldest people by country
List of the oldest people by country: validated national longevity records kept by the Gerontology Research Group, LongeviQuest, and the IDL; Ethel Caterham (UK) and Ken Weeks (Australia) are current titleholders.
List of vegetable oils
List of vegetable oils: edible plant oils (palm, soybean, canola, sunflower, olive, coconut, and others) from seeds, nuts, and fruits; global production near 228–234.5 million metric tons, classified by fatty acid profile, with refining, cold-pressed, and health-evidence distinctions.
Listeriosis
Listeriosis, also called Listeria infection, is a foodborne disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes, which grows at refrigerator temperatures. It causes ~20% case fatality, threatens pregnancy, and recurs in deli meats, soft cheeses, and ready-to-eat foods.
Lists of drugs
Lists of drugs: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML, EMLc), ATC classification, and RxNorm; how medicines are selected, coded, and adopted by 150+ countries.
Lithium (medication)
Lithium (lithium carbonate/citrate), first-line mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder maintenance; serum target 0.6–0.8 mEq/L, toxicity from ~1.2–1.5 mEq/L, reduces suicide risk, causes hypothyroidism and CKD, underused in North America.
Lithium orotate
Lithium orotate, the lithium salt of orotic acid sold as a low-dose lithium supplement, differs from lithium carbonate; a 1979 Smith and Schou rat study found reduced kidney function, higher serum, kidney, and heart lithium levels, and advised against patient use.
Lithium therapy
Lithium therapy is medical treatment with lithium salts, principally lithium carbonate, used as a first-line long-term mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder and as an augmenting agent in depression.
Lithium toxicity
Lithium toxicity (lithium poisoning, overdose) is harmful accumulation of the bipolar disorder drug lithium, in acute, chronic, or acute-on-chronic patterns; treated with IV fluids and hemodialysis per EXTRIP criteria, with SILENT as permanent neurologic risk.
Lithopedion
Lithopedion (lithopaedion, stone baby), from Greek lithos and paidion, is a calcified dead fetus retained after undiagnosed ectopic pregnancy; under 350 cases, retained 4–60 years, classified by Küchenmeister into three forms.
Lithotomy
Lithotomy is a surgical operation for removing stones from the urinary bladder through an incision in the perineum, practiced since ancient Greece and largely replaced by lithotripsy.
Lithotripsy
Lithotripsy is the medical breaking of urinary stones into fragments small enough to pass in urine, most commonly by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, first performed in Munich in 1980.
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LSMU, Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas), public university in Kaunas formed 2010 by merging Kaunas University of Medicine and Lithuanian Veterinary Academy; Lithuania's largest biomedical institution, SKVC-accredited to 2030.
Litifilimab
Litifilimab (BIIB059) is Biogen's humanized anti-BDCA2 monoclonal antibody for lupus; it suppresses type I interferon from plasmacytoid dendritic cells and showed phase 2 efficacy in cutaneous and systemic lupus, with phase 3 trials ongoing.
Little finger
Little finger (pinky, fifth digit, digit V): the smallest, ulnar-most finger of the human hand. Contributes about 15% of individual grip force; its exclusion cuts grip strength 33%; fifth metacarpal fractures (boxer's fractures) are about one-third of adult hand fractures.
Littoral cell hemangioma of the spleen
Littoral cell hemangioma of the spleen, also called littoral cell angioma (LCA), is a rare splenic vascular tumor of littoral cells, first described by Falk in 1991, usually benign, diagnosed by histology and immunohistochemistry.
Liuhe Tang
Liuhe Tang (六和汤), or Six-Harmony Decoction, is a classical Chinese medicine formula for summer disorders such as vomiting, diarrhea, chills and fever, and thirst, first traced to the Song dynasty formulary Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang.
Live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine (H2 strain)
Chinese single-dose live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine from the H2 strain, developed by Mao Jiangsen's team, licensed 1992, used in China's EPI and India; efficacy 94-100%.
Live Birth
A live birth is the delivery of an infant who breathes or shows any sign of life, such as a heartbeat, regardless of pregnancy length, per the WHO definition.
Live births following abortion attempts
Live births following abortion attempts occur when an attempted induced termination ends in a live-born infant, mainly in second-trimester procedures; about 11.2% of 15–29 week hospital abortions in a Quebec cohort, reduced by feticidal injection.
Livedo reticularis
Livedo reticularis, also called livedo racemosa in its persistent form, is a net-like reddish-blue to purple skin discoloration from impaired cutaneous blood flow, ranging from benign cold-induced cutis marmorata to a sign of antiphospholipid syndrome.
Livedoid vasculopathy
Livedoid vasculopathy (LV), also called atrophie blanche or segmental hyalinizing vasculitis, is a rare thrombotic skin disease causing painful relapsing lower-leg ulcers, mainly in women, treated with anticoagulants such as rivaroxaban.
Liver
The liver is the body's largest internal organ and gland, a 1.2–1.5 kg wedge in the right upper abdomen with dual portal-venous and arterial blood supply, hundreds of metabolic functions, unique full-size regeneration, and a long history from Babylonian divination to transplantation.
Liver adenomatosis
Liver adenomatosis, also called hepatic adenomatosis, is a rare liver disease featuring ten or more hepatocellular adenomas, mostly in women, with bleeding and cancer risks.
Liver biopsy
A liver biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of liver tissue, typically with a needle, to diagnose and stage liver disease such as hepatitis.
Liver cancer
Liver cancer: primary liver malignancy, mainly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; sixth most common cancer, third leading cause of cancer death; driven by cirrhosis, hepatitis B/C, alcohol, MASLD.