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Liver disease
Liver disease: group of conditions damaging the liver from viral hepatitis, alcohol, fat, autoimmune, or inherited causes, progressing to fibrosis and cirrhosis; diagnosed by blood tests, elastography, and biopsy, with 1.3 million hepatitis-related deaths in 2024.
Liver failure
Liver failure: loss of liver function, acute (coagulopathy plus encephalopathy without prior liver disease, often acetaminophen or viral causes) or chronic (end stage of cirrhosis); liver transplantation is the only proven therapy for acute liver failure.
Liver King
Liver King (Brian Johnson, born 1977) is an American fitness influencer who ate raw organ meat and promoted "ancestral living" and Ancestral Supplements; exposed in 2022 for $11,000/month steroid use, sued, and arrested in 2025.
Liver resection
Liver resection, also called hepatectomy, is surgery that removes part or all of the liver, mainly to treat primary and metastatic liver tumors; up to 80% can be removed from a healthy liver.
Liver spot
Liver spot (age spot, solar lentigo): a flat tan-to-brown patch on sun-exposed skin caused by clumped melanin from UV exposure, common after age 50, unrelated to the liver, benign but needing evaluation if changed.
Liver stiffness measurement
Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) is a noninvasive elastography technique, using ultrasound or MRI, that measures liver stiffness in kilopascals to estimate fibrosis in chronic liver disease without a biopsy.
Liver transplantation
Liver transplantation: surgical replacement of a diseased liver with deceased- or living-donor whole or partial graft. Key facts: MELD 3.0 allocation since July 2023, 11,458 US transplants in 2024, 81.8% five-year survival, machine perfusion expanding usable organs.
LIVERMORE trial
LIVERMORE (NCT05186116), LIVing Donor livEr tRansplant Modena cOloRectal mEtastasis, is a single-arm open-label Italian trial at AOU Modena testing living donor liver transplantation for unresectable colorectal liver metastases, 25 participants, 5-year OS and DFS endpoints.
Living donor kidney transplantation
Living donor kidney transplantation is the surgical transfer of a kidney from a living donor into a patient with end-stage kidney disease, giving longer graft survival than dialysis or deceased-donor transplants.
Living donor liver transplantation
Living donor liver transplantation is surgery implanting part of a healthy living person's liver into a recipient with end-stage liver disease, saving over 80,000 lives since 2000.
Living pharmacy
A living pharmacy is an implantable or ingestible system in which engineered living cells sense conditions in the body and produce therapeutic molecules, replacing repeated external drug doses.
Livor mortis
Livor mortis, also called postmortem hypostasis or lividity, is the gravity-dependent reddish-purple skin discoloration after death; onset within 20 minutes to 2 hours, fixed after 8 to 12 hours, useful for timing death and detecting body movement.
Lixisenatide
Lixisenatide (Lyxumia, Adlyxin; AVE0010) is a short-acting once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist by Sanofi for type 2 diabetes, also fixed-ratio combined with insulin glargine as Soliqua 100/33; ELIXA showed neutral cardiovascular outcomes.
Lixivaptan
Lixivaptan (VPA-985), an oral non-peptide vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist (vaptan) for hyponatremia and ADPKD; rejected by FDA advisory committee 2012, ADPKD development discontinued 2022 on liver enzyme elevations.
Lloyd H. Smith Jr.
Lloyd H. Smith Jr., also known as Lloyd Hollingsworth Smith Jr., was an American physician-scientist who led UCSF's Department of Medicine from 1964 and studied the biochemical basis of genetic disease.
Lloyd MacLean
Lloyd Douglas MacLean (1924–2015) was a Canadian surgeon and surgeon-in-chief at Montreal's Royal Victoria Hospital for 26 years who performed Canada's first lung transplant in 1966 and pioneered bariatric surgery.
LM-299
LM-299, known as MK-2010, is an investigational bispecific antibody targeting PD-1 and VEGF, developed by Shanghai's LaNova Medicines and licensed to Merck for $588 million upfront in 2024.
LM-305 (GPRC5D ADC)
LM-305 (AZD0305) is LaNova Medicines' anti-GPRC5D antibody-drug conjugate with an MMAE payload for multiple myeloma; NMPA IND approved November 2022, phase 1/2 trial NCT05647512, exclusively licensed to AstraZeneca in May 2023 for up to $600 million.
LMNA-related cardiocutaneous progeria syndrome
LMNA-related cardiocutaneous progeria syndrome (LCPS) is a rare genetic premature aging syndrome, caused by LMNA mutations, that combines prematurely aged skin and hair with severe heart disease.
LNP delivery of base editors
LNP delivery of base editors is a non-viral method that uses lipid nanoparticles to carry CRISPR base-editing machinery into liver cells, powering clinical cholesterol-lowering medicines like VERVE-102.
LNP-mediated in vivo CAR-T cell engineering
LNP-mediated in vivo CAR-T cell engineering creates CAR T cells inside the body using lipid nanoparticles carrying CAR mRNA, avoiding weeks of laboratory cell manufacturing.
LNP1955
LNP1955 is Lupin Ltd's investigational oral CRAC channel inhibitor tested in a Phase II dose-ranging trial for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (EudraCT 2016-001532-35), terminated early in 2017 on liver enzyme elevations before any efficacy analysis.
Loading dose
Loading dose: an initial drug dose larger than the maintenance dose, calculated as (Cp × Vd)/F, given to reach therapeutic plasma concentrations rapidly instead of waiting about 5 half-lives for steady state.
Lobaplatin
Lobaplatin (D-19466, 注射用洛铂), a third-generation platinum chemotherapy approved in China for CML, metastatic breast cancer, and small cell lung cancer; forms GG/AG intrastrand DNA cross-links; dose-limiting toxicity is thrombocytopenia without nephro-, neuro-, or ototoxicity.
Lobar haemorrhage
Lobar haemorrhage (ICD-11 8B00.1), also called superficial or cortical intracerebral haemorrhage, is bleeding within the cerebral lobes. Main causes are cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hypertension, anticoagulation, malformations, and tumors; larger but better prognosis than deep ICH.
Lobar pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia, also called croupous pneumonia, is pneumonia consolidating a whole lung lobe, classically from Streptococcus pneumoniae, marked by air bronchograms, rusty sputum, and lobar consolidation, distinct from patchy bronchopneumonia.
Lobectomy
A lobectomy is the surgical removal of an entire lobe of an organ, most often the lung, where it is the standard operation for early-stage lung cancer.
Lobeglitazone
Lobeglitazone (CKD-501, Duvie) is a thiazolidinedione PPAR-gamma agonist for type 2 diabetes, developed by Chong Kun Dang, approved in Korea 2013 and India, dosed 0.5 mg daily, with 12-fold higher PPARγ affinity than pioglitazone.
Lobes of the brain
Lobes of the brain: the six conventional divisions of each cerebral hemisphere (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula, limbic), their sulcal and imaginary-line boundaries, lobe-level functions, and the history and limits of functional localization.
Lobomycosis
Lobomycosis, or Jorge Lobo's disease, lacaziosis, is a chronic subcutaneous fungal infection caused by the uncultivable fungus Lacazia loboi, endemic to the Amazon basin, causing keloid-like skin lesions in humans and dolphins.