Human health and medicine

Anetoderma

Anetoderma (macular atrophy) is a rare benign skin disorder with focal loss of dermal elastic tissue, causing flaccid wrinkled lesions; linked to antiphospholipid antibodies, autoimmune disease, penicillamine, and prematurity.

Aneurysm

Aneurysm: abnormal ballooning of a weakened artery wall, most often in the aorta or brain. Key facts: AAA defined at 3.0 cm, rupture mortality up to 81%, repair at 5.5 cm (men) or 5.0 cm (women), treated by open repair, EVAR, coiling, or clipping.

Aneurysm of pulmonary artery

Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery (PAA), pulmonary artery aneurysm, is a rare focal dilatation of all three wall layers of a pulmonary artery, usually the main trunk, linked to congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, infection, and vasculitis, with rupture mortality of 50–100% and no formal management guidelines.

Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva

Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva (SOVA), sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, is a rare dilatation of an aortic sinus, congenital or acquired, that may rupture into right heart chambers; treated by surgical repair or transcatheter closure.

Aneurysm-osteoarthritis syndrome

Aneurysm-osteoarthritis syndrome (AOS), also Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 3, is a rare autosomal dominant SMAD3 (OMIM 613795) disorder combining arterial aneurysms, tortuosity, and dissection with early-onset osteoarthritis and mild craniofacial features.

Aneurysmal bone cyst

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), also called ABC-like lesion, is a benign, locally aggressive blood-filled bone tumor of children and adolescents, USP6-driven when primary, treated by curettage, sclerotherapy, embolization, or denosumab.

Anflekitug

Anflekitug (SSGJ-613, 安弗利奇塔单抗) is Sunshine Guojian's humanized anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody for acute gouty arthritis; approved by China's NMPA in August 2026 after Phase 3 non-inferiority to betamethasone for pain and 77% flare reduction.

Angamardaprasamana Kasaya Curna

Aṅgamardapraśamana kaṣāya cūrṇa (Angamardaprasamana Kasaya Curna) is a ten-ingredient Ayurvedic kvātha cūrṇa from Caraka Samhita Sutrasthana 4.44, AFI000474, dose 48 g/day, used for body-ache (angamarda).

Anganwadi (आंगनवाड़ी)

Anganwadi (आंगनवाड़ी): Indian community child care centre under the ICDS scheme, launched 2 October 1975, delivering nutrition, preschool education, immunization, and health services to children under six and mothers; now under Poshan 2.0.

ANGEL-ACT study

ANGEL-ACT (Endovascular Treatment Key Technique and Emergency Workflow Improvement of Acute Ischemic Stroke), a prospective Chinese registry of 1,793 thrombectomy patients at 111 hospitals, 2017-2019, source of many EVT outcome analyses; distinct from ANGEL-ASPECT.

ANGEL-ASPECT trial

ANGEL-ASPECT (NCT04551664) was a 2020-2022 Chinese randomized trial of endovascular thrombectomy versus medical management in 456 patients with large-core anterior circulation stroke, showing better 90-day mRS shift (OR 1.37) with more hemorrhage.

Angel-shaped phalango-epiphyseal dysplasia

Angel-shaped phalango-epiphyseal dysplasia (ASPED, OMIM 105835) is a rare autosomal dominant acromelic dysplasia caused by GDF5 mutations, marked by angel-shaped middle phalanges, hip dysplasia, early hip osteoarthritis, and dental anomalies.

Angela Barron McBride

Angela Barron McBride is an American nurse and dean emerita of the Indiana University School of Nursing, known for research on women's mental health and mentoring.

Angina

Angina pectoris (BA40 in ICD-11) is chest pain or breathlessness from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Named by Heberden in 1768; types include stable, unstable, vasospastic, and microvascular angina.

Angiocentric glioma

Angiocentric glioma is a rare WHO grade 1 pediatric-type diffuse low-grade glioma of cortex or brainstem causing refractory seizures, defined by MYB::QKI fusion and cured by resection.

Angiodysplasia of colon

Angiodysplasia of the colon (colonic angioectasia, vascular ectasia): degenerative right-colon vascular malformation causing lower GI bleeding and anemia, mainly over age 60; diagnosed by colonoscopy, treated with argon plasma coagulation.

Angiodysplasia of stomach

Angiodysplasia of stomach (ICD-11 DA43.1, 胃の血管拡張症) is a mucosal vascular malformation of the stomach causing GI bleeding and anemia, treated mainly by argon plasma coagulation and linked to aortic stenosis in Heyde syndrome.

Angioedema

Angioedema is transient non-pitting swelling of skin or mucosa, mediated by histamine or bradykinin. Key forms are hereditary angioedema (C1-INH deficiency, 1:50,000), acquired C1-INH deficiency, and ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema; mediator determines treatment.

Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is new blood-vessel formation by sprouting or splitting of existing vessels, driven by hypoxia-HIF-VEGF signaling; it underlies development, exercise adaptation, tumors, and wet AMD, and is targeted by anti-VEGF drugs such as bevacizumab and ranibizumab.

Angiography

Angiography, also called angiogram or catheter angiography, is x-ray imaging of blood vessels after contrast dye injection. Key facts: first angiogram 1896 (Haschek and Lindenthal), Seldinger technique 1953, iodine contrast, CTA and MRA alternatives.

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), or nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic type, is an aggressive T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of TFH-cell origin with TET2, RHOA G17V, IDH2, and DNMT3A mutations, immune dysregulation, and poor prognosis.

Angiokeratoma

Angiokeratoma, including Fordyce, Mibelli, circumscriptum, and corporis diffusum types, is a benign dilated capillary lesion of the superficial dermis; the diffuse form marks Fabry disease.

Angiokeratoma circumscriptum

Angiokeratoma circumscriptum (AKC, angiokeratoma circumscriptum neviforme) is the rarest angiokeratoma variant, a congenital capillary-lymphatic malformation of the papillary dermis forming dark hyperkeratotic plaques, usually unilaterally on the lower limbs, first described by Fabry in 1915.

Angiokeratoma of Mibelli

Angiokeratoma of Mibelli (Mibelli's angiokeratoma) is a rare benign vascular skin disease: multiple 3–5 mm warty dark-red papules on fingers and toes, appearing in girls aged 10–15, treated with pulsed dye laser.

Angiology

Angiology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal of vascular diseases founded in 1950, published by SAGE, official organ of the American College of Angiology and International College of Angiology, indexed in MEDLINE since 1965.

Angioma serpiginosum

Angioma serpiginosum, also called Hutchinson angioma serpiginosum, is a rare benign vascular nevus of dilated papillary dermal capillaries, affecting females about 9:1, diagnosed by dermoscopic red lagoons, treated with pulsed dye laser.

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma is a rare soft tissue tumor of intermediate biologic potential, arising as a slow-growing, painless nodule on the extremities of children and young adults.

Angiomyolipoma

Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign renal PEComa tumour of fat, smooth muscle, and dysmorphic vessels; 0.44% prevalence, 80% sporadic, managed by surveillance, embolization, or nephron-sparing surgery.

Angioplasty

Angioplasty, also called balloon angioplasty, PTCA, or PCI, is a catheter procedure that inflates a balloon to widen plaque-narrowed arteries, usually with a stent. First performed by Andreas Grüntzig in Zürich in 1977; used for angina and heart attacks.