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Lovastatin
Lovastatin (Mevacor, mevinolin, monacolin K) is a fungal-derived HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor from Aspergillus terreus, the first FDA-approved statin (September 1987), lowering LDL cholesterol about 40% at 80 mg daily.
Lovotibeglogene autotemcel [lovo cel]
Lovotibeglogene autotemcel (lovo-cel, LYFGENIA) is bluebird bio's lentiviral gene-addition therapy using βA-T87Q-globin, FDA approved December 8, 2023 for sickle cell disease patients 12 and older with vaso-occlusive events, with a hematologic malignancy boxed warning.
Low back pain
Low back pain (LBP), lumbago, pain between the lower ribs and buttocks; leading cause of disability worldwide, 619 million cases in 2020, about 90% non-specific; treated mainly with exercise, self-management, and cautious analgesia.
Low birth weight
Low birth weight (LBW) of newborn: birth weight below 2500 g regardless of gestational age (WHO). Also very low (<1500 g) and extremely low (<1000 g). Caused by prematurity or fetal growth restriction; 19.8 million births (14.7%) in 2020.
Low bone mass disorders
Low bone mass disorders (ICD-11 FB83) group osteopenia, osteoporosis, and adult osteomalacia: conditions of reduced bone mineral density, fragile bone, or defective mineralization, assessed by DXA T-scores and FRAX and treated mainly with bisphosphonates.
Low frustration tolerance
Low frustration tolerance (LFT), also called frustration intolerance, is a diminished ability to regulate emotions and behavior when frustrated, classified in the ICD-11 under personality features.
Low haemoglobin
Low hemoglobin is a hemoglobin concentration below the cutoff set for a person's age, sex, and altitude of residence; it is the laboratory finding that defines anemia.
Low phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis
Low phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis (LPAC) syndrome, also called ABCB4/MDR3-related cholelithiasis, is a rare genetic intrahepatic gallstone disease of young adults with recurrence after cholecystectomy, treated with ursodeoxycholic acid.
Low self-esteem
Low self-esteem is a persistently negative self-evaluation, ICD-11 code MB28.9, not a disorder itself. It is linked to depression and anxiety; CBT and related interventions show moderate benefits in adults.
Low Socioeconomic Status
Low socioeconomic status (low SES) is socioeconomic status marked by low income and a low educational level, a definition added to the MeSH vocabulary in 2023.
Low sodium diet
Low sodium diet: eating pattern limiting sodium to WHO's <2,000 mg/day or US 2,300 mg/day. Lowers blood pressure (systolic 3.39 mm Hg in trials), reduces stroke risk; mostly from processed foods.
Low weight gain in pregnancy
Low weight gain in pregnancy (ICD-11 JA65.3) is gestational weight gain below IOM/NAM BMI-specific ranges; associated with small-for-gestational-age infants and preterm birth, managed via assessment, diet advice, and fetal growth monitoring.
Low-alcohol beer
Low-alcohol beer is beer with reduced ethanol, made by limiting fermentation (arrested fermentation, special yeasts) or by dealcoholization (vacuum distillation, membranes). Labels: ≤0.5% ABV alcohol-free in Germany/Brazil; 0.5–1.2% low-alcohol in the UK.
Low-carbohydrate diet
Low-carbohydrate diet: eating pattern under 130 g carbohydrate/day (ketogenic under 20–50 g), used for weight loss and type 2 diabetes; modest short-term advantages over low-fat diets, debated long-term cardiovascular safety.
Low-dose chest computed tomography
Low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT) is a chest CT technique using about 1.5 mSv instead of 8 mSv, used chiefly for lung cancer screening in high-risk smokers.
Low-dose CT lung cancer screening
Low-dose CT lung cancer screening is an annual low-radiation chest scan for high-risk smokers, recommended in the US for adults aged 50 to 80 with at least 20 pack-years.
Low-dose naltrexone
Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) is the off-label use of the opioid antagonist naltrexone at roughly 0.5 to 4.5 mg daily, investigated mainly for chronic pain, inflammation, and long COVID.
Low-dose rate brachytherapy
Low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy is a radiation therapy technique delivering continuous low doses over weeks to months, most commonly permanent seed implantation for localized prostate cancer.
Low-dose whole-body computed tomography
Low-dose whole-body computed tomography is a CT technique that images the entire body at reduced radiation dose, used to assess bone disease in multiple myeloma and stage cancer.
Low-fiber/low-residue diet
Low-fiber/low-residue diet: a therapeutic diet limiting indigestible food residue, often defined as under 10 g fiber/day, used for colonoscopy bowel preparation and acute flares of diverticulitis, Crohn disease, and ulcerative colitis.
Low-flow priapism
Low-flow (ischemic) priapism is a painful erection over four hours from trapped, deoxygenated blood in the corpora cavernosa; over 95% of priapism cases, treated by aspiration plus phenylephrine, then shunts or penile prosthesis.
Low-FODMAP diet
Low-FODMAP diet, a Monash University-developed three-phase dietary therapy for irritable bowel syndrome restricting fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols; reduces IBS symptom severity and improves quality of life.
Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma
Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, also called Evans tumor, is a rare malignant soft-tissue tumor of young adults, first described by Harry Evans in 1987, defined by a characteristic FUS gene fusion.
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a physical therapy method applying weak pulsed ultrasound waves through the skin over a fracture to stimulate tissue repair, FDA-approved in 1994.
Low-intensity vibration therapy
Low-intensity vibration therapy is a physical therapy method that applies gentle vertical vibrations, typically 30 Hz below 1g for 10 to 20 minutes daily, to a standing person to treat osteoporosis.
Low-level laser therapy
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), now widely called photobiomodulation therapy, applies non-thermal red or near-infrared light to body tissues to stimulate healing, reduce pain, and reduce inflammation.
Low-protein diet
A low-protein diet (LPD) restricts protein intake, chiefly to slow chronic kidney disease in patients not yet on dialysis, typically 0.5–0.6 g of protein per kg body weight per day.
Low-set ear
Low-set ear (low-set ears, misplaced ear, ICD-10 Q17.4, ICD-11 LA21.2): a dysmorphic feature where the pinna attaches below a line between the inner canthi; associated with Down, Turner, Treacher Collins syndromes, trisomy 13/18, or occurring as isolated normal variation.
Lower blepharoplasty
Lower blepharoplasty is a surgical procedure that removes or repositions fat, skin, and muscle of the lower eyelid to reduce under-eye bags, wrinkles, and other aging changes.
Lower body negative pressure
Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) encloses the lower body in a sealed chamber below atmospheric pressure, pooling blood in the legs to simulate hemorrhage and test countermeasures for orthostatic intolerance.