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Malnutrition in pregnancy
Malnutrition in pregnancy (ICD-11 JA64), also called maternal undernutrition or overnutrition, is a diet lacking or excess in nutrients; balanced energy-protein supplementation reduces stillbirth and low birth weight, high-protein supplements may harm.
Malnutrition screening
Malnutrition screening is a rapid, indicator-based procedure that identifies patients who are malnourished or at risk, using validated tools such as MUST, MST, and NRS-2002, typically within 24 hours of hospital admission.
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool
The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) is a five-step screening tool identifying malnourished or at-risk adults, based on BMI, weight loss, and acute illness, published in 2003.
Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus
Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (MRDM), now type 5 diabetes, is a lean, young, insulin-deficient, ketosis-resistant diabetes linked to early-life undernutrition; WHO classified it 1985, dropped it 1999, IDF recognized it April 2025.
Malocclusion
Malocclusion: misaligned teeth or abnormal maxilla-mandible relationship, classified by Angle as Class I, II, III. Affects about 56% worldwide; treated with braces, aligners, functional appliances, or jaw surgery.
Malonic aciduria
Malonic aciduria, also called malonyl-CoA decarboxylase or MLYCD deficiency, is an autosomal recessive organic acidemia from MLYCD gene mutations on 16q24, causing developmental delay, hypotonia, hypoglycemia, and cardiomyopathy, diagnosed by elevated urinary malonic acid and blood malonylcarnitine.
Malposition of uterus
Malposition of uterus is the uterus sitting in an orientation other than its usual one, most commonly retroversion, a backward tilt known as a tipped or tilted uterus.
MALT lymphoma
MALT lymphoma (extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) is an indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising at extranodal sites, chiefly the stomach, linked to chronic infection or autoimmunity, with NF-κB-activating translocations and 10-year survival up to 90%.
Mammaplasty
Mammaplasty is a plastic-surgery operation that reshapes, reduces, or enlarges the breast, covering reduction for pain relief, augmentation, mastopexy, and reconstruction after mastectomy.
Mammary duct ectasia
Mammary duct ectasia (duct ectasia, plasma cell mastitis) is a benign breast condition in which milk ducts widen, thicken, and clog with fluid, typically around perimenopause; it mimics breast cancer but does not raise cancer risk.
Mammary-digital-nail syndrome
Mammary-digital-nail syndrome, also known as onycho-digito-mammary syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder marked by missing or malformed nails, short fifth fingers, and breast enlargement in females.
Mammography
Mammography, producing mammograms, is low-dose x-ray imaging of the breast used to screen for breast cancer. Key facts: first performed 1913 by Albert Solomon; regulated in the US under MQSA (1992); USPSTF recommends biennial screening for women 40–74.
Mammography screening
Mammography screening is the use of breast X-rays to detect breast cancer early in women without symptoms, reducing mortality but carrying harms like false positives and overdiagnosis.
Mammoplasty
Mammoplasty is plastic surgery of the breast covering three operations: augmentation to add volume, reduction to remove tissue, and reconstruction after mastectomy, often using implants.
Mamphela A. Ramphele
Mamphela A. Ramphele, born Mamphela Aletta Ramphele in 1947, is a South African physician and anti-apartheid activist who co-founded the Black Consciousness Movement with Steve Biko and led the University of Cape Town.
Man ngag rin chen 'byung gnas
秘诀宝源 (Man ngag rin chen 'byung gnas, Jewel Mine of Instructions) is a Tibetan medical treatise by Jampel Chökyi Tendzin Trinlé (1789–1838) covering 300-plus diseases and 600-plus formulae, source of modern Tibetan pill standards.
MAN1B1-CDG
MAN1B1-CDG, also called congenital disorder of glycosylation type II due to MAN1B1 deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive Golgi glycosylation disorder (MAN1B1, 9q34.3) causing intellectual disability, hypotonia, truncal obesity, facial dysmorphism, and a type 2 transferrin IEF pattern.
Managed care
Managed care: US health care delivery system managing cost, utilization, and quality via HMO, PPO, and POS plans and capitation-paid MCOs in Medicaid and Medicare Advantage; regulated by CMS rules of 2016–2024.
Management and prognosis of bradyarrhythmia and conduction disease
Management of bradyarrhythmia and conduction disease covers treating slow heart rhythms: symptom-based pacing decisions, atropine and temporary pacing, culprit drug withdrawal, and the poor prognosis of untreated complete AV block.
Management and treatment of congenital disorders of glycosylation
Treatment of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) relies on targeted supplements like mannose, galactose, fucose, and manganese for a few subtypes, with supportive care for the rest.
Management of acute coronary syndrome
Management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) covers emergency care of unstable angina, NSTEMI, and STEMI. The 2025 ACC/AHA guideline sets ECG within 10 minutes, hs-cTn 1-2 h rule-out, primary PCI or fibrinolysis within 12 h, and cardiac rehabilitation referral.
Management of alopecia areata
Treatment of alopecia areata is matched to severity: corticosteroids for mild patchy hair loss, and oral JAK inhibitors like baricitinib and ritlecitinib for severe disease.
Management of hemoglobinopathies
Management of hemoglobinopathies, including sickle-cell disease and thalassemia, uses regular transfusion, iron chelation, hydroxyurea, hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, and recently approved gene therapies to correct or bypass the underlying hemoglobin defect.
Management of hemorrhagic stroke
Management of hemorrhagic stroke is the acute treatment of bleeding within the skull, chiefly intracerebral hemorrhage and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, through blood-pressure lowering, anticoagulant reversal, and surgery.
Management of HIV/AIDS
Management of HIV/AIDS is the combination of antiretroviral therapy, clinical monitoring, and prevention that suppresses the virus; combination ART introduced in 1996 made HIV a manageable chronic condition.
Management of lymphedema
Management of lymphedema treats swelling using complete decongestive therapy, compression, skin care, and exercise, with surgery such as lymphovenous bypass reserved for patients who do not respond.
Management of marrow-failure anemias
Management of marrow-failure anemias hinges on cause: acquired aplastic anemia responds to immunosuppression with horse ATG, ciclosporin, and eltrombopag, whereas inherited syndromes such as Fanconi anemia require stem-cell transplantation.
Management of muscular dystrophy
Management of muscular dystrophy is the coordinated long-term supportive care of people with muscular dystrophies, especially Duchenne, combining rehabilitation, orthoses, corticosteroids, cardiac and respiratory surveillance, ventilation, and surgery.
Management of orthostatic hypotension
Management of orthostatic hypotension is the treatment of an abnormal blood pressure fall on standing, using drug review, salt and water loading, compression, and pressor drugs.
Management of polycystic kidney disease
Management of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) covers treatments that slow cyst-driven kidney enlargement and function loss, control blood pressure, and plan transplantation or dialysis when kidneys fail.