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Myelodysplastic neoplasm with increased blasts
Myelodysplastic neoplasm with increased blasts (MDS-IB, formerly RAEB, refractory anemia with excess blasts) is a severe MDS subtype with cytopenias, dysplasia, and 5–19% marrow or blood blasts, subdivided into IB1 and IB2 by WHO 2022 and partly reclassified as MDS/AML by the ICC.
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), or myelodysplastic neoplasms, are clonal myeloid malignancies causing ineffective hematopoiesis, cytopenias, and AML risk; treated with ESAs, lenalidomide, luspatercept, imetelstat, azacitidine, and stem cell transplant.
Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with isolated del(5q) chromosome abnormality
MDS with isolated del(5q), or 5q- syndrome, is a myelodysplastic syndrome subtype defined by chromosome 5q deletion, causing macrocytic anemia with high platelets, RPS14 haploinsufficiency, good prognosis, and lenalidomide sensitivity.
Myelography
Myelography is an imaging technique that injects iodinated contrast into the spinal canal to outline the spinal cord and nerve roots on X-ray and CT.
Myeloid leukaemia
Myeloid leukaemia is a blood and bone marrow cancer arising from myeloid cells, chiefly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), marked by the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene.
Myeloid mutation panel
A myeloid mutation panel, or myeloid panel, is a targeted next-generation sequencing test of genes recurrently mutated in AML, MDS, and MPN, guiding diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection.
Myeloid sarcoma
Myeloid sarcoma (chloroma, granulocytic sarcoma) is a rare extramedullary tumor of myeloblasts, classified as an AML-related neoplasm; occurs isolated, concurrent with, or after AML, most often in skin, with NPM1/FLT3 mutations and site-specific molecular discordance.
Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm associated with FGFR1 rearrangement
Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasm with FGFR1 rearrangement (M/LN-FGFR1, MLN-eo FGFR1, 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome) is an ultra-rare stem-cell leukemia/lymphoma from FGFR1 translocations on 8p11–12, presenting as chronic myeloid neoplasm or acute leukemia with eosinophilia; pemigatinib is FDA-approved for relapsed/refractory disease.
Myeloma protein
Myeloma protein (M protein, paraprotein, monoclonal protein) is the abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin secreted by clonal plasma cells in myeloma, MGUS, and related gammopathies, measured by electrophoresis, immunofixation, free light chain assays, and increasingly mass spectrometry.
Myelomalacia
Myelomalacia is softening of the spinal cord after ischemia, compression, or contusion; seen on MRI as T2 hyperintensity, it marks chronic cord injury in degenerative cervical myelopathy and predicts white cord syndrome after decompression.
Myelomeningocele repair
Myelomeningocele repair is the surgical closure of an open spinal birth defect, performed within days of birth or prenatally; prenatal repair reduces shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and improves early motor function.
Myelomeningocele with hydrocephalus
Myelomeningocele with hydrocephalus (ICD-11 LA02.00) is an open spinal neural tube defect combined with ventricular CSF accumulation. Hydrocephalus affects 15–25% of MMC babies; prenatal repair (MOMS trial) roughly halves shunt placement rates versus postnatal repair.
Myelopathy
Myelopathy is spinal cord dysfunction, usually from compression; types are cervical, thoracic, and lumbar, with degenerative cervical myelopathy the most common cause in adults, treated with bracing, therapy, medication, or decompression surgery.
Myeloperoxidase deficiency
Myeloperoxidase deficiency (MPO deficiency) is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency caused by MPO gene mutations on chromosome 17, impairing neutrophil HOCl generation; most carriers of the complete defect stay asymptomatic except for candidal risk with diabetes.
Myeloproliferative neoplasm
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal blood cancers in which the bone marrow overproduces red cells, platelets, or white cells. Types include CML, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis, driven by JAK2, CALR, and MPL mutations.
Myeloschisis
Myeloschisis (ORPHA:645398) is a severe open neural tube defect with a flat, exposed neural placode lacking a sac, always with Chiari II malformation; distinct from myelomeningocele, with different fetal surgery outcomes.
MYH7
MYH7 (myosin heavy chain 7) is a chromosome 14 gene encoding beta-myosin heavy chain of the cardiac sarcomere; variants cause hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy, Laing distal myopathy, and myosin storage myopathy.
MYH9-related syndromic thrombocytopenia
MYH9-related syndromic thrombocytopenia (MYH9-related disease, MYH9-RD), formerly May-Hegglin anomaly, Epstein, Fechtner, and Sebastian syndromes: an autosomal dominant MYH9 gene disorder causing congenital macrothrombocytopenia with neutrophil inclusions and variable hearing loss, nephritis, and cataracts.
Myhre syndrome
Myhre syndrome is a rare genetic connective tissue disorder caused by SMAD4 gene variants, causing short stature, stiff joints, hearing loss, and heart and airway disease.
Myiasis
Myiasis is infestation of human or animal tissue by fly larvae (maggots), caused by species such as Dermatobia hominis, Cochliomyia hominivorax, and Chrysomya bezziana; treated by larval removal and prevented by wound care and insect protection.
Mylan
Mylan, founded 1961 in West Virginia by Milan Puskar, was a major generic drugmaker known for the EpiPen price controversy, failed Perrigo bid, and 2015-2017 acquisitions; it merged with Pfizer's Upjohn to form Viatris in November 2020.
MYOCAR study
MYOCAR (NCT04521790) is a multicenter observational study from San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, comparing endomyocardial biopsy with CMR, DECT, and PET and studying biomarkers and arrhythmic myocarditis in about 1,000 adults.
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI, heart attack): death of heart muscle from sudden loss of coronary blood flow, diagnosed by rising/falling cardiac troponin above the 99th percentile URL plus ischemia evidence; classified STEMI/NSTEMI and types 1-5 under the Universal Definition.
Myocardial infarction complications
The complications of a myocardial infarction, or heart attack, range from arrhythmias and pericarditis within hours to myocardial rupture, ventricular aneurysm, and Dressler syndrome over weeks.
Myocardial infarction in people with diabetes
Myocardial infarction in people with diabetes is an acute coronary syndrome carrying roughly double to triple the risk, with more atypical, symptomless presentations and higher mortality.
Myocardial infarction in women
Myocardial infarction in women is heart attack in female patients, which differs from men in mechanism, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment; women are treated less promptly and have worse outcomes.
Myocardial Ischemic Preconditioning
Myocardial ischemic preconditioning (IPC, remote ischemic conditioning) protects heart muscle via brief ischemia-reperfusion cycles; discovered by Murry et al. 1986, but large trials (RIPHeart, ERICCA) show no mortality benefit.
Myocardial perfusion imaging
Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), the nuclear stress test, uses PET or SPECT radiotracers to show heart muscle blood flow, diagnose coronary artery disease, quantify myocardial blood flow, and assess prognosis.
Myocardial Revascularization
Myocardial revascularization restores heart muscle blood flow in coronary artery disease via CABG surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Covers history from Carrel 1910 and Favaloro 1967 to Gruentzig's 1977 angioplasty, guideline indications, and CABG-versus-PCI outcomes.
Myocardial rupture
Myocardial rupture, or cardiac rupture, is a tear of the infarcted heart wall, septum, or papillary muscle after acute MI. Incidence fell from about 6% to 1–2% with reperfusion; mortality remains 40–90% and surgery is definitive.