Human health and medicine

Myocardial T1 mapping

Myocardial T1 mapping is a cardiac magnetic resonance technique that measures T1 relaxation times of heart muscle pixel by pixel, detecting fibrosis, edema, and infiltrative disease that late gadolinium enhancement can miss.

Myocarditis

Myocarditis, inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium), viral, immune, drug, and toxin causes; incidence 6–8 per 100,000, mRNA vaccine risk per million doses, diagnosis by Lake Louise CMR criteria and biopsy, outcomes and 2024–2025 guidelines.

Myocarditis in children

Myocarditis in children is inflammation of the heart muscle, usually triggered by a virus, that can impair pumping; most children recover, but severe cases can cause heart failure.

Myocarditis in systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disease

Myocarditis in systemic autoimmune and inflammatory disease is inflammation of the heart muscle driven by diseases such as lupus and sarcoidosis, frequently subclinical and treated with immunosuppression.

Myoclonic disorders

Myoclonic disorders are a group of movement disorders defined by myoclonus, sudden brief shock-like muscle jerks from contraction or sudden inhibition, coded 8A06 in ICD-11.

Myoclonic epilepsy of infancy

Myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (MEI, formerly benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy) is a rare self-limited epilepsy with myoclonic seizures starting between 4 months and 3 years in normal infants, remitting within 6 months to 5 years.

Myoclonus

Myoclonus: brief, shock-like involuntary muscle jerks (10–50 ms), positive or negative (asterixis). Classified as physiological, essential, epileptic, symptomatic, or psychogenic; cortical, subcortical, spinal, or peripheral by generator; diagnosed with video-EEG/polygraphy.

Myoclonus-dystonia syndrome

Myoclonus-dystonia syndrome (MDS, DYT11) is a rare genetic movement disorder combining lightning-like myoclonus with mild to moderate dystonia, childhood onset, mainly SGCE mutations with maternal imprinting, alcohol-responsive myoclonus, and pallidal DBS for refractory cases.

Myocutaneous flap

A myocutaneous flap, or musculocutaneous flap, is a compound flap of muscle with overlying skin transferred on the muscle's blood supply to reconstruct tissue defects.

Myocutaneous flap necrosis

Myocutaneous flap necrosis, also called flap necrosis or skin paddle necrosis, is death of transferred skin-muscle tissue from vascular compromise; venous congestion kills flaps within 3 hours, rates range from about 7-12% in free flaps, and smoking, diabetes, and radiotherapy raise risk.

Myocyte of sinoatrial node

Sinoatrial node myocyte (pacemaker cell, P cell): specialized small cardiac muscle cell of the heart's SAN that spontaneously generates impulses via membrane and calcium clocks, setting heart rate at 60–100 bpm.

Myoendocarditis

Myoendocarditis (心筋心内膜炎) is ICD-11 code BB41, a circulatory-system category for inflammation involving both heart muscle and endocardium, placed in the acute or subacute endocarditis block BB40-BB4Z.

Myofascial pain syndrome

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS), also called chronic myofascial pain, is a chronic muscle and fascia pain condition marked by trigger points causing localized and referred pain. Distinguished from fibromyalgia by regional pain; diagnosed clinically; treated with physical therapy, dry needling, injections, and medications.

Myofascial release

Myofascial release (MFR), also called myofascial release therapy, is a manual therapy applying low-load, long-duration stretch to muscle and fascia. Term coined by Robert Ward in the 1960s; evidence shows modest pain and ROM benefits but no measurable change in tissue stiffness.

Myofascial trigger point

Myofascial trigger point (MTrP): hyperirritable spot in a taut band of skeletal muscle causing local and referred pain and a local twitch response; defined by Travell and Simons, diagnosed clinically, treated with dry needling or injection.

Myofibril

Myofibril: the ~1 µm-wide cylindrical contractile organelle of striated muscle, built from 2.2–2.5 µm sarcomeres of actin and myosin filaments; sliding-filament ATP-driven contraction, titin mechanosensing, and myofibrillar myopathy.

Myofunctional therapy

Myofunctional therapy, also called orofacial myofunctional therapy, is a behavioral treatment using repeated tongue, lip, and throat exercises to correct orofacial myofunctional disorder, including tongue thrust and sleep apnea.

Myography

Myography is a laboratory method that measures the contractile force of isolated muscle or blood-vessel tissue, most commonly as isometric tension in an organ bath or as diameter change in a pressurized vessel.

Myokymia

Myokymia is involuntary, fine, rippling muscle contraction from repetitive motor-unit discharges; eyelid myokymia, the commonest form, is a benign eyelid twitch triggered by fatigue, stress, and caffeine, treated with botulinum toxin if persistent.

Myopathic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Myopathic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, also known as the EDS/myopathy overlap syndrome, is a rare inherited connective tissue disorder causing congenital muscle weakness that improves over time.

Myopathy

Myopathy is disease of skeletal muscle causing weakness, cramps, and stiffness, divided into inherited forms (congenital, mitochondrial, metabolic, dystrophies) and acquired forms (inflammatory, toxic, endocrine, infectious), diagnosed with CK, EMG, MRI, and biopsy.

Myopericarditis

Myopericarditis is primarily pericarditis with minor myocardial involvement, the reverse of perimyocarditis; usually viral (Coxsackie B), diagnosed by troponin elevation without LV dysfunction, with generally good prognosis.

Myopericytoma

Myopericytoma: rare benign pericytic (perivascular) soft tissue tumor of myoid spindle cells with concentric perivascular growth, usually a painless nodule of the extremities; also called glomangiopericytoma-related perivascular myoma; malignancy very rare, treated by excision.

Myosclerosis

Myosclerosis (congenital myosclerosis, Löwenthal type, OMIM 255600) is a rare autosomal recessive, non-dystrophic myopathy caused by COL6A2 mutations, with progressive woody muscle contractures, toe walking, and collagen VI deficiency on biopsy.

Oct 20, 2026

Myosin storage myopathy

Myosin storage myopathy, also called hyaline body myopathy (OMIM 608358), is a rare congenital myopathy caused by MYH7 mutations in the distal rod, with myosin-rich hyaline bodies in type 1 fibers and slowly progressive weakness.

Myositis

Myositis is inflammation or swelling of the muscles, most often caused by injury, infection, medicines, or an autoimmune disorder, with muscle weakness the primary symptom.

Myospherulosis

Myospherulosis, also called spherulocytosis or subcutaneous spherulocystic disease, is a rare benign foreign-body reaction in which lipid-altered red blood cells form spherule-filled parent bodies, usually after petrolatum-based surgical packing.

Myotome

Myotome: the group of skeletal muscles innervated by one spinal nerve ventral root, and the somite compartment forming skeletal muscle; used clinically to localize radiculopathy, though maps vary between patients.