25,729 articles
Neurorights and neurotechnology regulation
Neurorights are legal protections for mental integrity against neurotechnology. Chile amended its constitution in 2021, the OECD set the first standard in 2019, and UNESCO adopted a global recommendation in 2025.
Neurosarcoidosis
Neurosarcoidosis is nervous system involvement by sarcoidosis, affecting about 5% of sarcoidosis patients, most often with cranial neuropathy; treated with glucocorticoids plus methotrexate, azathioprine, or infliximab.
Neuroscience Information Framework
Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF), at neuinfo.org, is an NIH Blueprint-funded semantic search portal and resource inventory for neuroscience, created 2005, in production since 2008, using the NIFSTD ontology and federated queries over databases, tools, and literature.
Neuroscience research
Neuroscience research: study of the nervous system and its publishing ecosystem of about 750 journals, spanning society titles like Neuroscience Research (Japan Neuroscience Society), open access models, peer review variants, and citation metrics.
Neurosecretion
Neurosecretion: hormone and transmitter release by nerve cells; neurosecretory neurons link nervous and endocrine systems. Proposed by Speidel 1917 and the Scharrers, established by Bargmann 1949, founding neuroendocrinology.
Neurosis
Neurosis: historical psychiatric term for anxiety-based disorders with intact reality testing, coined by Cullen in the 1780s, central to Freud, removed from DSM-III (1980); not a current DSM-5-TR or ICD-11 diagnosis.
Neurosonography
Neurosonography is ultrasound imaging of the brain and nervous system, covering neonatal and fetal cranial ultrasound and transcranial Doppler of cerebral vessels since the 1980s.
Neurosurgeons
Neurosurgeons: surgeons treating brain, spine, and nervous system disorders. About 72,967 worldwide (0.93 per 100,000), unevenly distributed; US density 1.58 per 100,000 with 9.8% lacking access; training requires 54 months of clinical neurosurgery.
Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery, or neurological surgery, is the surgical specialty treating brain, spine, and nervous system disorders. Founded as a modern field by Harvey Cushing and Walter Dandy; organized via the Society of Neurological Surgeons (1920) and AANS.
Neurosurgical Procedures
Neurosurgical procedures, also called neurologic surgical procedures (MeSH E04.525), are operations on the nervous system or its parts, spanning craniotomy, spine fusion and discectomy, neuroendoscopy, stereotaxis, and endovascular techniques.
Neurosyphilis
Neurosyphilis is central nervous system infection by Treponema pallidum, occurring at any syphilis stage. Diagnosed via CSF-VDRL, treponemal tests, cell count, and protein; treated with IV aqueous penicillin G for 10–14 days.
Neurotomy
Neurotomy is the deliberate cutting or ablation of a nerve to interrupt pain signals, most commonly radiofrequency heating of facet joint nerves for chronic low back pain.
Neurotoxicology
Neurotoxicology: study of adverse effects of chemical, biological, or physical agents on the nervous system and behavior; spans clinical diagnosis, neurobehavioural testing, DNT in vitro batteries, and regulation; journal Neurotoxicology founded 1979.
Neurotoxin
A neurotoxin, also known as a neurotoxicant, is a toxic substance of microbial, plant, or animal origin that interferes with nervous system function, including botulinum toxin and tetrodotoxin.
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission, also called synaptic transmission, is how neurons, muscles, and glands communicate: an excited cell releases a neurotransmitter that crosses the synapse to activate or inhibit the receiving cell.
Neurotrophic keratopathy
Neurotrophic keratopathy (neurotrophic keratitis) is a rare degenerative corneal disease from trigeminal nerve damage causing loss of corneal sensation, poor healing, and ulceration; treated with cenegermin, serum drops, amniotic membrane, tarsorrhaphy, or neurotization.
Neurotrophin
Neurotrophins: family of neuronal growth factors (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) signaling via TrkA/B/C and p75NTR receptors; discovered through NGF work by Levi-Montalcini and Cohen, 1986 Nobel Prize.
Neurotrophin-3
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3, NTF3) is a member of the mammalian neurotrophin growth factor family, discovered in 1990; it signals mainly through TrkC and also binds TrkA, TrkB, and p75NTR, supporting proprioceptive and sensory neuron survival.
Neurotrophin-4
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4, NT-4/5, NT-5) is the least-studied mammalian neurotrophin, first found in Xenopus and viper, cloned in humans 1992 on chromosome 19q13.3. It signals mainly through TrkB, needs p75 for efficient signaling, and regulates sensory innervation, appetite, memory, fertility, and motor innervation.
Neurulation
Neurulation is embryonic formation of the neural tube from the neural plate, via primary (folding and fusion) and secondary (tail-bud canalization) phases; failure causes neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, partly preventable with folic acid.
Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis
Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis (NLSDI, Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome), autosomal recessive ABHD5/CGI-58 disorder with Jordan's anomaly, congenital ichthyosis, hepatomegaly, and myopathy; distinct from PNPLA2-related NLSDM.
Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy
Neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy (NLSDM, OMIM 610717) is a rare autosomal recessive PNPLA2/ATGL disorder causing adult-onset progressive muscle weakness, Jordans' anomaly, and cardiomyopathy in about 40% of cases.
Neutralization assay
A neutralization assay, including virus and toxin neutralization variants, is a serological test measuring whether antibodies block viral infectivity or toxin activity, considered the reference method for protective antibodies.
Neutralization Tests
Neutralization tests are serology assays measuring functional antibodies that block virus infection of cell cultures. Formats include PRNT, microneutralization, pseudovirus tests, and surrogate RBD-ACE2 blocking ELISAs; PRNT is the gold standard.
Neutron capture therapy of cancer
Neutron capture therapy of cancer (BNCT): radiation therapy injecting boron-10 drugs that collect in tumors, then irradiating with neutrons; 10B(n,alpha)7Li reaction, Hatanaka's 58% 5-year GBM survival, Japan 2020 insurance approval.
Neutropaenia
Neutropaenia (neutropenia) is a low absolute neutrophil count, below 1.5 × 10⁹/L, graded mild, moderate, severe, or agranulocytosis; caused by chemotherapy, drugs, infection, autoimmune or congenital defects, and treated with G-CSF and prompt antibiotics when febrile.
Neutropenia
Neutropenia: ANC below 1500/µL, raising infection risk. Also febrile neutropenia, agranulocytosis, congenital forms such as Kostmann syndrome, and G-CSF prophylaxis after chemotherapy.
Neutrophilia
Neutrophilia (好中球増加症), ICD-11 4B00.1, is an elevated absolute neutrophil count above 7.7 × 10⁹/L in adults, caused by increased production, demargination, or decreased egress, most often reactive to infection, inflammation, drugs, or myeloid neoplasms.
Nevus
Nevus (plural nevi), or mole: a benign, circumscribed skin lesion, usually a melanocytic proliferation. Types include common acquired, dysplastic, and congenital nevi; dysplastic and giant congenital nevi raise melanoma risk.
Nevus comedonicus syndrome
Nevus comedonicus syndrome (NCS), also comedo nevus syndrome, is a rare neurocutaneous disorder pairing nevus comedonicus skin lesions with ocular, skeletal, and CNS abnormalities, caused by mosaic gain-of-function NEK9 mutations.