25,729 articles
Non-inferiority testing
Non-inferiority testing is a clinical trial analysis approach showing a new treatment is not unacceptably worse than the active standard, by ruling out a pre-specified margin of loss.
Non-inferiority trial
A non-inferiority trial is a randomized clinical trial testing whether a new treatment is not unacceptably worse than an active comparator, used when a placebo would be unethical.
Non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome
Non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome (NIPHS) is a rare cause of endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia without an insulinoma, marked by postprandial neuroglycopenia, negative 72-hour fast and imaging, positive calcium stimulation testing, and nesidioblastosis-like histology, often after gastric bypass.
Non-invasive and partially invasive brain–computer interfaces
Non-invasive and partially invasive brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) record brain activity without penetrating brain tissue, using scalp EEG or electrodes placed under the skull, as in ECoG and endovascular Stentrode implants.
Non-invasive aspergillosis
Non-invasive aspergillosis is the group of Aspergillus diseases in which the fungus colonizes body surfaces or cavities without invading tissue or blood vessels, unlike invasive aspergillosis.
Non-invasive brain stimulation
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a class of techniques that modulate brain activity through the intact skull without surgery, used in research and to treat depression, stroke, and Parkinson's disease.
Non-invasive cardiac diagnostics (practice)
Non-invasive cardiac diagnostics is the cardiology practice of diagnosing heart disease with tests that do not enter the body, such as ECG, echocardiography, and stress testing.
Non-invasive glucose monitoring
Non-invasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) measures blood glucose through the skin or in body fluids without drawing blood, for diabetes management and screening; no fully non-invasive device holds FDA clearance.
Non-invasive prenatal screening
Non-invasive prenatal screening, also called NIPT or cfDNA screening, is a maternal blood test analyzing fetal DNA to screen for chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome from about 10 weeks of pregnancy.
Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation
Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) is a technique that stimulates the vagus nerve through the skin at the ear or neck, treating epilepsy, depression, and headaches.
Non-invasive ventilation
Non-invasive ventilation is positive pressure ventilation delivered through a tight-fitting mask or helmet rather than a tube, used mainly for COPD exacerbations, pulmonary edema, and weaning.
Non-malignant and non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis
Non-malignant and non-cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis (NCPVT, non-cirrhotic non-tumoral PVT) is portal vein thrombosis without cirrhosis or malignancy, caused by myeloproliferative neoplasms, thrombophilia, or local factors, treated with at least 6 months of anticoagulation.
Non-Medical Prescribing
Non-medical prescribing is prescribing by healthcare professionals other than doctors or dentists, chiefly nurses and pharmacists. Originating in UK 1992 legislation, it includes supplementary and independent models, with Cochrane evidence of outcomes comparable to medical prescribing.
Non-megaloblastic macrocytosis
Non-megaloblastic macrocytosis is an elevated red cell volume (MCV above 100 fL) with intact DNA synthesis, caused by alcohol use, chronic liver disease, hypothyroidism, reticulocytosis, and certain drugs.
Non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (nHCM, ICD-11 BC43.11) is HCM without a significant LVOT pressure gradient (LVOT <30 mmHg at rest and provoked), treated with beta blockers or verapamil/diltiazem, with no approved targeted therapy.
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia (NOMI), also nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, is intestinal ischemia without mesenteric vessel obstruction, caused by low-flow states and vasospasm; treated with resuscitation, intra-arterial vasodilators, and surgery.
Non-randomized clinical trial
A non-randomized clinical trial assigns participants to treatment or control groups without randomization, often by usual treatment decisions or participants' choices, and estimates effects against a comparison group.
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, stages N1–N3, is the non-dream-exclusive phase of sleep marked by slow waves and spindles, deep slow-wave sleep, memory consolidation, and cycles alternating with REM every 80–100 minutes.
Non-rebreather mask
Non-rebreather mask (NRM), also called reservoir mask: emergency oxygen mask with reservoir bag and one-way valves delivering 60–90% FiO2 at 12–15 L/min, with suffocation risk if the oxygen supply fails.
Non-restorative sleep
Non-restorative sleep, also called unrefreshing sleep or waking up tired, is sleep felt to be unrefreshing despite adequate duration. Dropped from ICSD-3 insomnia criteria; linked to sleep apnea, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumor of testis
A non-seminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis (NSGCT) is a malignant testicular tumor that typically appears in the third decade of life as a painless mass.
Non-specific autoimmune cerebellar ataxia without characteristic antibodies
Non-specific autoimmune cerebellar ataxia without characteristic antibodies, or primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (PACA), is suspected immune-mediated cerebellar ataxia with no known trigger or pathogenic antibody; diagnosed by 2020 task force criteria using clinical, MRI/MRS, and CSF findings.
Non-specific syndromic intellectual disability
Non-specific syndromic intellectual disability, also called complex neurodevelopmental disorder, is a rare genetic condition in which intellectual disability occurs alongside varied anomalies that do not form a defined syndrome.
Non-spiking neuron
Non-spiking neuron: a neuron signaling with graded, analog membrane potentials instead of action potentials, as in retinal rods, cones, horizontal and bipolar cells, and many invertebrate interneurons; graded synapses release transmitter continuously with ribbon zones and L-type Ca2+ channels.
Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a heart attack in which troponin confirms heart-muscle necrosis but the ECG lacks the persistent ST elevation that defines STEMI, usually from partial coronary occlusion.
Non-surgical management of osteoarthritis
Non-surgical management of osteoarthritis is the set of exercise, weight-management, drug, injection, and mechanical treatments used to reduce pain and preserve function, with therapeutic exercise recommended first-line for all patients.
Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT): three or more consecutive ventricular beats above 100 beats per minute terminating spontaneously within 30 seconds; prognosis depends on underlying structural heart disease.
Non-syndromic bilambdoid and sagittal craniosynostosis
Non-syndromic bilambdoid and sagittal craniosynostosis (BLSS, Mercedes Benz synostosis, craniofacial dyssynostosis, ORPHA:1516) is a rare multisutural craniosynostosis fusing both lambdoid sutures and the posterior sagittal suture, causing turricephaly, occipital concavity, and frequent cerebellar tonsillar herniation.
Non-syndromic metopic craniosynostosis
Non-syndromic metopic craniosynostosis, or isolated trigonocephaly, is premature fusion of the metopic suture causing a triangular forehead, hypotelorism, and temporal narrowing; mostly mild, low intracranial pressure risk, surgery reserved for severe forms.
Non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis
Non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis, also called isolated sagittal synostosis or scaphocephaly, is premature fusion of the sagittal suture without syndromic features; it is the most common single-suture craniosynostosis, mostly multifactorial, treated by open or endoscopic surgery.