25,729 articles
Pancreaticojejunostomy
Pancreaticojejunostomy is a surgical anastomosis joining the pancreatic duct to a loop of jejunum, performed to restore drainage after pancreaticoduodenectomy or to relieve pain in chronic pancreatitis.
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas, occurs when digestive enzymes damage the gland. Acute and chronic forms; gallstones and alcohol are leading causes; about 275,000 US hospital stays yearly.
Pancreatoduodenectomy
Pancreatoduodenectomy, commonly called the Whipple procedure, is a major abdominal operation removing the pancreatic head, duodenum, distal bile duct, and gallbladder, used mainly for pancreatic head cancer.
Pancreatography
Pancreatography is the imaging of the pancreatic ducts, performed either by injecting contrast during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or by noninvasive magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).
Pancreatojejunostomy
Pancreatojejunostomy is a surgical anastomosis joining the pancreatic duct or cut pancreas to the jejunum, performed to reconstruct after pancreatoduodenectomy or to drain a dilated duct in chronic pancreatitis.
Pancreatoscopy
Pancreatoscopy is an endoscopic technique in which a small scope passed through a duodenoscope during ERCP directly views the pancreatic duct, sampling strictures and treating stones.
Pancreatosplenectomy
Pancreatosplenectomy is the en-bloc removal of the distal pancreas and spleen, performed mainly for pancreatic body or tail adenocarcinoma; its modern radical form, RAMPS, was introduced in 2003.
Pancuronium
Pancuronium bromide, sold as Pavulon, is a long-acting aminosteroid neuromuscular blocking drug that produces muscle relaxation during anesthesia, synthesized in 1964 and launched in 1968.
Pancytopenia
Pancytopenia: simultaneous reduction of red cells, white cells, and platelets; a finding, not a disease. Causes include aplastic anemia, marrow infiltration, drugs, infections, and splenic sequestration; diagnosed by CBC, smear, and bone marrow exam.
PANDAS
PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections), a 1998 NIMH-described subtype of PANS, is sudden-onset childhood OCD or tics temporally linked to Group A strep infection; diagnosis is clinical, treatment is CBT, SSRIs, and antibiotics for confirmed strep.
Pandemic
Pandemic: worldwide spread of a new disease (WHO definition), from an epidemic crossing international boundaries. Key examples: 1918 influenza (~50 million deaths), 2009 H1N1, COVID-19 (declared 11 March 2020). Governed by PHEIC, Pandemic Emergency, and the 2025 WHO Pandemic Agreement.
Pandemic live attenuated vaccine
Pandemic live attenuated vaccine is Pandemic influenza vaccine H5N1 AstraZeneca, the only WHO-prequalified live attenuated intranasal H5N1 pandemic vaccine, for children 12 months to under 18 years, two doses, prequalified 18 December 2020.
Pandemic Preparedness
Pandemic preparedness: strengthening national, regional, and global systems to respond to pandemics. Covers the WHO 5 Cs, IHR Pandemic Emergency (2024), WHO Pandemic Agreement (2025), and preparedness measurement tools like SPAR, JEE, and the Global Health Security Index.
Panel sequencing
Panel sequencing is a targeted next-generation sequencing approach that sequences tens to hundreds of predefined cancer genes, most often in clinical oncology to detect actionable mutations in tumor samples.
Panenza
Panenza: Sanofi Pasteur's non-adjuvanted, inactivated split-virion pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 vaccine, 15 mcg HA per 0.5 ml dose, thiomersal-preserved multidose vial, WHO prequalified 22 January 2010, now no routine production.
Panettone
Panettone, from Milan (pan de ton), is Italy's domed sourdough Christmas bread with raisins and candied fruit; modernized by Angelo Motta around 1923 and defined by Italy's 2005 decree (butter ≥16%, fruit ≥20%).
Panhypophysitis
Panhypophysitis (infundibulo-panhypophysitis, ORPHA:95513) is inflammation of the entire pituitary gland, both lobes, causing diabetes insipidus plus panhypopituitarism; about 25% of primary hypophysitis, treated with glucocorticoids or observation.
Panic attack
Panic attack: a sudden surge of intense fear or discomfort with physical symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and nausea, peaking within 10 to 20 minutes. Also called anxiety attack; distinct from panic disorder, which requires recurrent unexpected attacks plus a month of worry or avoidance.
Panic disorder
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder of recurrent unexpected panic attacks with physical symptoms like palpitations and chest pain. Prevalence 2.7% past year in U.S. adults; treated with CBT or antidepressants, mainly SSRIs.
PANIC trial
PANIC trial (Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children), NCT01803776, a nonrandomized controlled lifestyle intervention in 504 Kuopio, Finland children; attenuated insulin resistance rise, lowered LDL cholesterol, improved diet quality.
Panlobular emphysema
Panlobular (panacinar) emphysema: emphysema subtype with diffuse destruction of the entire secondary pulmonary lobule, diffuse low attenuation on CT, lower-lobe predominance, classically linked to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and also seen in smokers.
Panner disease
Panner disease (osteochondrosis of the humeral capitellum), described by Hans Jessen Panner in 1927, is a self-limiting elbow condition of children under 10, mostly boys, treated conservatively with rest.
Panniculectomy
Panniculectomy is a surgical operation that removes the pannus, an overhanging apron of excess abdominal skin and fat, usually after major weight loss, to relieve rashes and infections.
Panniculitis
Panniculitis, inflammation of subcutaneous fat, also called Weber-Christian disease historically; classified as septal or lobular with or without vasculitis; erythema nodosum is the most common form.
Panobinostat
Panobinostat, sold as Farydak, is an oral HDAC inhibitor developed by Novartis for relapsed multiple myeloma, approved in the United States in 2015 and withdrawn there in 2022.
Panoramic radiograph
A panoramic radiograph, also called orthopantomography (OPT) or OPG, is a rotating dental X-ray technique that captures the teeth, both jaws, and both jaw joints in a single low-dose image.
Panoramic radiography
Panoramic radiography is a dental X-ray examination that captures the entire mouth in a single image, including the teeth, upper and lower jaws, and jaw joints.
Panretinal photocoagulation
Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) is a laser treatment that destroys ischemic peripheral retina to reduce VEGF and new vessel growth, most often in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Panthenol
Panthenol, also known as provitamin B5, is a vitamin B5 derivative converted to pantothenic acid in the body and used as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics.
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
PKAN (pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, formerly Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome, NBIA1) is a rare autosomal recessive PANK2 disorder causing dystonia, brain iron accumulation, and the eye-of-the-tiger MRI sign.