25,729 articles
Pathophysiology and acute evaluation of hypertensive emergencies
A hypertensive emergency is severely elevated blood pressure with new organ damage, most often ischemic stroke or pulmonary edema, diagnosed by bedside, laboratory, and imaging evaluation.
Pathophysiology of alopecia areata
The pathophysiology of alopecia areata is an autoimmune attack on hair follicles by cytotoxic CD8+NKG2D+ T cells, driven by IFN-gamma and JAK-STAT signaling, that halts growth without destroying follicles.
Pathophysiology of asthma
Pathophysiology of asthma: chronic airway inflammation, variable airflow obstruction, and hyperresponsiveness, divided into T2-high (eosinophilic, IL-4/5/13, IgE) and T2-low endotypes with epithelial alarmins and remodeling.
Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis
The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis combines a genetically weakened skin barrier, type 2 immune inflammation, neuroimmune itch driven by IL-31, and Staphylococcus aureus colonization, though the direction of causality remains debated.
Pathophysiology of heart failure
Pathophysiology of heart failure: mechanisms of HFrEF (cardiomyocyte death, DAMP-driven inflammation, remodeling) versus HFpEF (comorbidity-driven microvascular endothelial inflammation, low nitric oxide, stiff ventricle), with biomarker and treatment contrasts.
Pathophysiology of hypertension
Pathophysiology of hypertension: mechanisms producing chronic blood pressure elevation, including renal sodium handling, sympathetic overactivity, RAAS, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffening, secondary forms, and hypertension-mediated organ damage.
Pathyadi kvatha curna (afi afi-patyadikvatasadangacurna)
Pathayadi kvatha curna (Pathyadi Kvatha Shadanga Churna, AFI000457) is an Ayurvedic seven-herb decoction powder led by Terminalia chebula, used for head disorders including migraine (ardhavbhedaka), dose 25-50 ml.
Pathyadi lepa
Pathyadi lepa, an Ayurvedic topical herbal paste (lepa) whose chief ingredient is Terminalia chebula (Pathya/Haritaki) with karanja, mustard, turmeric, bakuchi, rock salt, and vidanga, mixed with cow urine and used externally for skin diseases such as psoriasis and eczema.
Patidegib
Patidegib (saridegib, IPI-926) is a cyclopamine-derived Hedgehog pathway SMO inhibitor, developed as a topical 2% gel (Sol-Gel's SGT-610) to prevent basal cell carcinomas in Gorlin syndrome, with FDA breakthrough and EMA orphan designations.
Patient
Patient: an individual receiving therapeutic, diagnostic, or preventive care (MeSH D010361). Covers patient-centered care (Balint, 1969; IOM 2001), participation, safety rights (WHO 2024), and outcomes evidence.
Patient Admission
Patient admission is the process of formally accepting a person into hospital as an inpatient, day patient, or observation patient, via scheduled, emergency department, or direct admission pathways, with nursing assessment, medication reconciliation, and reimbursement criteria shaping outcomes.
Patient Advocacy
Patient advocacy: promotion and protection of patients' rights, often via legal process (MeSH D010344). Covers patient advocates, navigators, ombudsmen, nurse advocacy, hospital and VA offices, 1970s rights movement origins, barriers, and board certification.
Patient Comfort
Patient Comfort (Comfort Care): patient care to prevent or relieve suffering for optimal quality living; MeSH descriptor since 2017, central to Kolcaba's Comfort Theory and comfort measurement instruments.
Patient Education and Counseling
Patient Education and Counseling (PEC), Elsevier monthly journal (ISSN 0738-3991), official journal of EACH and ACH; founded 1983 from Patient Counselling and Health Education; impact factor 3.1, CiteScore 6.2, Q1.
Patient Handoff
Patient handoff (handover, sign-out): transfer of patient care responsibility and information between clinicians at shift changes and care transitions; structured tools SBAR and I-PASS, Joint Commission requirements, and evidence of effect on safety.
Patient Health Questionnaire
The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a free, public-domain family of self-report scales for depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms; its nine-item PHQ-9 scores 0 to 27.
Patient Isolation
Patient isolation separates infected or colonized patients from others to stop transmission. Also called Transmission-Based Precautions (contact, droplet, airborne) under CDC Standard Precautions; uses negative-pressure AIIRs; known for effectiveness against MDRO spread and psychological harms to isolated patients.
Patient Isolators
Patient isolators are enclosures or rooms preventing contamination of and by patients, including Life Islands, plastic surgical isolators, negative-pressure pods, and airborne infection isolation rooms.
Patient Participation
Patient participation (patient involvement, patient engagement) is patients' involvement in health decision-making, from shared decision making in consultations to service planning and research; MeSH-defined since 1978, with mixed evidence of health outcomes.
Patient Positioning
Patient positioning: deliberate body placement in bed or on the operating table (supine, prone, lateral, lithotomy, Fowler, Trendelenburg) to maintain alignment, aid physiology, and enable surgical access while preventing nerve, skin, and vascular injuries.
Patient Preference
Patient preference: a patient's expressed desirability or value of one treatment option, outcome, or attribute versus others (MeSH D057240; FDA patient preference information). Measured by standard gamble, time trade-off, VAS, and discrete choice experiments; patients value health states higher than the general public, and preferences inform regulatory and clinical decisions.
Patient Readmission
Patient readmission: unplanned hospital rehospitalization, usually within 30 days of discharge; measured by CMS excess readmission ratios and penalized under the HRRP since October 2012.
Patient Rights
Patient rights: entitlements in health care, defined by the WMA Declaration of Lisbon (1981), AMA ethics code, 42 CFR 482.13, and WHO's 2024 Patient Safety Rights Charter, covering consent, confidentiality, quality care, and billing disputes.
Patient Satisfaction
Patient satisfaction is the degree to which patients regard a health care service as useful, effective, or beneficial, and is now systematically collected as a quality indicator.
Patient Transfer
Patient transfer is the movement of a patient between healthcare locations, within one hospital or between facilities, together with the handoff of information and responsibility for care.
Patient-Centered Care
Patient-centered care (PCC), also person-centred care, is healthcare that respects and responds to individual patients' preferences, needs, and values (IOM 2001). Evidence shows stronger effects on satisfaction and self-management than clinical outcomes; embodied in the PCMH and shared decision making.
Patient-controlled analgesia
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a pain management method in which patients press a pump button to self-administer intravenous opioid, used since the early 1970s for postoperative, labor, and cancer pain.
Patient-controlled epidural analgesia
Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is a pain management method in which patients self-administer epidural local anesthetic and opioid via a pump, used chiefly for labor pain.
Patient-derived orthotopic xenograft
A patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) is a preclinical cancer model in which patient tumor fragments are surgically implanted into the corresponding organ of an immunodeficient mouse.
Patient-reported outcome measure
A patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) is a questionnaire completed by patients to record their symptoms, function, or quality of life, with no interpretation by a clinician.