Human health and medicine

Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome

Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) is ARDS in children under 18, defined by PALICC (2015) and PALICC-2 (2023) criteria using OI/OSI thresholds; affects 3.2% of PICU admissions.

Pediatric and congenital cardiology

Pediatric and congenital cardiology is the medical subspecialty that diagnoses and non-surgically treats heart disease in fetuses, neonates, children, and adolescents, following patients into adulthood.

Pediatric and neonatal electrocardiography

Pediatric and neonatal electrocardiography (ECG) is the recording and age-adjusted interpretation of the heart's electrical activity in children, whose normal values differ markedly from adult ones.

Pediatric Anesthesia

Pediatric anesthesia: conducting anesthesia procedures in infants, children, and adolescents. Also called paediatric anaesthesia; defined by age-specific physiology, credentialing standards, and Wake Up Safe safety data.

Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke

Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (childhood AIS, neonatal AIS) is blockage of a brain artery causing infarction in children; incidence 1.2-8/100,000, arteriopathy-dominated causes, and 2026 AHA/ASA thrombolysis and thrombectomy recommendations.

Pediatric collagenous gastritis

Pediatric collagenous gastritis (childhood-onset collagenous gastritis, ORPHA:487809) is a rare gastric disease with a subepithelial collagen band over 10 µm, causing abdominal pain and severe iron deficiency anemia in children, with a generally benign course.

Pediatric dentistry

Pediatric dentistry, formerly called pedodontics until the name changed in 1984, is the dental specialty concerned with the dental problems, maintenance, and treatment of children, from early childhood through adolescence.

Pediatric dermatology

Pediatric dermatology, also called paediatric dermatology, is the subspecialty treating skin disease in infants, children, and adolescents; organized from 1972–1975, board-recognized in 2000, with its journal Pediatric Dermatology since 1983.

Pediatric diabetes

Pediatric Diabetes (ISSN 1399-543X), founded 2000 by Munksgaard, is a peer-reviewed bimonthly journal on diabetes in childhood and adolescence, MEDLINE-indexed since 2003, moving from Wiley to Maximum Academic Press in 2026.

Pediatric early warning score

The pediatric early warning score (PEWS) converts a hospitalized child's vital signs into a numerical acuity score, with threshold scores linked to an escalation of care.

Pediatric emergency care

Pediatric emergency care: emergency treatment of acutely ill or injured children, a US field formalized in the 1980s (first fellowship 1980, first journal 1985), supported by PECARN research network and 2026 AAP/ACEP readiness guidelines.

Pediatric hematology and oncology

Pediatric hematology and oncology is the medical subspecialty diagnosing and treating childhood blood disorders and cancers. Related journal: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (ISSN 0888-0018), published since 1986 by Taylor & Francis.

Pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma

Pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma (childhood HCC) is a rare malignant liver tumor of hepatocytes, second to hepatoblastoma in children, linked to perinatal hepatitis B, tyrosinemia, and metabolic liver disease, treated mainly by resection or transplant.

Pediatric Hospitals

Pediatric hospitals (children's hospitals) are hospitals dedicated to child health care, from Great Ormond Street (1852) and CHOP (1855) to today's freestanding and affiliated centers, now consolidating amid declining pediatric capacity.

Pediatric Intensive Care Units

A pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is a hospital unit providing continuous intensive care to critically ill infants and children, first established in Goteborg, Sweden, in 1955.

Pediatric multiple sclerosis

Pediatric multiple sclerosis (POMS) is MS beginning before age 18, about 3-5% of cases; relapsing-remitting in 95-98%, higher relapse rates, slower physical but earlier disability, and lasting cognitive effects.

Pediatric neurology

Pediatric neurology, or child neurology, is the specialty treating nervous system diseases of infants and children. Key facts: flagship journal Pediatric Neurology (Elsevier, ISSN 0887-8994, founded 1985 by Kenneth Swaiman), literature dominated by epilepsy, neuroimmunology, and neurodevelopment research.

Pediatric neurosurgery

Pediatric neurosurgery: surgical specialty treating children's head, spine, and nervous system disorders, from hydrocephalus and posterior fossa tumors to deformities; requires residency plus pediatric fellowship training.

Pediatric pulmonology

Pediatric pulmonology is the medical subspecialty concerned with respiratory health and disease from fetal life through adolescence, covering asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic lung disease of prematurity, and sleep-disordered breathing.

Pediatric radiology

Pediatric radiology: medical imaging subspecialty for fetuses, infants, children, and adolescents. Founded around John Caffey's 1945 textbook; journal Pediatric Radiology (1973); societies ESPR, SPR, AOSPR, SLARP; Image Gently dose-reduction campaign.

Pediatric research

Pediatric Research is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the causes of childhood illness and developmental disorders, first published in January 1967 by Springer Nature.

Pediatric stroke

Pediatric stroke is a disruption of blood flow to a child's brain, from 28 weeks of gestation to age 18, caused by cardiac disease, arteriopathy, and sickle cell disease.

Pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus

Pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (childhood-onset, juvenile-onset SLE) is a rare multisystem autoimmune disease beginning before adulthood, affecting 10–20% of SLE patients, with more severe courses, higher renal involvement, and structured transition to adult care.

Pediatric tachyarrhythmias

Pediatric tachyarrhythmias are abnormally fast heart rhythms in fetuses, infants, children, and adolescents. Supraventricular tachycardia is the most common, often from accessory pathways that frequently resolve with age.

Pediatric tonsillectomy

Pediatric tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the palatine tonsils in children, performed mainly for recurrent tonsillitis and obstructive sleep-disordered breathing, with bleeding rates below 4 to 5%.

Pediatric tracheostomy

Pediatric tracheostomy is a surgical operation creating an opening in a child's trachea and inserting a tube for long-term ventilation, secretion management, or bypassing airway obstruction.

Pediatricians

Pediatricians are physicians specializing in the physical, mental, and social health of children from birth to young adulthood, trained via 4 years of medical school plus at least 3 years of pediatric residency; the US had 77,792 certified pediatricians in 2020.

Pediatrics

Pediatrics, also known as pediatric medicine, is the medical specialty caring for children from birth through young adulthood, covering both preventive care and treatment of illness.

Pedicle screw fixation

Pedicle screw fixation is a spinal instrumentation technique in which screws inserted through the pedicles, the strongest bony columns of the vertebrae, are connected by rods to stabilize the spine.