25,729 articles
Pentetreotide
Pentetreotide (Octreoscan, indium In 111 pentetreotide) is a DTPA conjugate of octreotide radiolabeled with indium-111 for somatostatin receptor scintigraphy of neuroendocrine tumors; FDA approved 1994, now largely replaced by gallium-68 SSTR PET.
Pentobarbital
Pentobarbital (Nembutal) is a short-acting Schedule II barbiturate acting on GABA-A receptors, with a 15-50 hour half-life; used for sedation, preanesthesia, emergency seizure control, veterinary euthanasia, and US lethal injection.
Pentolinium
Pentolinium (Ansolysen, pentolonium) is a bisquaternary pyrrolidinium ganglionic blocking agent, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist once used for severe hypertension, later for surgical hypotension and autonomic research.
Pentosan polysulfate sodium
Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS, Elmiron) is a semi-synthetic heparin-like sulfated polysaccharide approved orally for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and used in veterinary osteoarthritis; long-term use is linked to dose-dependent pigmentary maculopathy.
Pentoxifylline
Pentoxifylline (oxpentifylline, Trental), a methylxanthine hemorheologic drug for intermittent claudication; approved 1972 Europe, 1985 US; no longer recommended for claudication, used for venous ulcers.
PENUT trial
PENUT (Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial, NCT01378273) was a US phase 3 trial of high-dose erythropoietin in 941 infants born at 24-27 weeks' gestation; it found no reduction in death or severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years.
PEOPLE trial
PEOPLE (NCT03447678), a monocentric phase II trial of first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy in EGFR/ALK wild-type advanced NSCLC with PD-L1 0-49%; 65 patients, median PFS 2.9 months, OS 12.1 months, with circulating T/NK and myeloid cell counts as biomarkers.
PEPaNIC trial
PEPaNIC (Pediatric Early versus Late Parenteral Nutrition in Intensive Care Unit) trial: 1,440-child multicenter RCT (2012-2015, Leuven, Rotterdam, Edmonton) showing withholding parenteral nutrition for 1 week reduced infections and sped recovery versus early PN, with higher hypoglycemia risk.
PEPPER trial
PEPPER trial: randomized controlled crossover study (NCT03849755) of the PEPPER adaptive bolus advisor, a case-based reasoning decision support system for type 1 diabetes, which was safe but showed no significant glycemic benefit versus a standard bolus calculator.
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), also called gastric or duodenal ulcer, is a sore in the stomach or duodenal lining caused mainly by Helicobacter pylori infection or NSAIDs; antibiotics cure most cases.
Peptide hormone
Peptide hormone: amino-acid-chain hormones (insulin, GLP-1s, secretin, oxytocin) acting via cell-surface receptors; made as preprohormones, short half-life, distinct from steroid hormones; basis of approved drugs and unapproved wellness peptides.
Peptidergic neuron
Peptidergic neuron (Cell Ontology CL:0000110): a neuron using neuropeptides as transmitters, stored in large dense-core vesicles, acting on GPCRs, usually co-released with classical transmitters.
Per-Olof Åstrand
Per-Olof Åstrand (1922–2015), Swedish exercise physiologist, co-creator of the Åstrand-Ryhming nomogram and Åstrand submaximal cycle test, professor at GIH Stockholm and Karolinska Institutet, co-author of Textbook of Work Physiology.
Per-oral endoscopic myotomy
Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is an endoscopic procedure treating achalasia by dividing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle through a submucosal tunnel, with no skin incisions.
Per-protocol analysis
Per-protocol analysis is a clinical trial analysis including only participants who adhered to their assigned treatment; it is common in explanatory trials but can introduce selection bias.
Peramivir anhydrous
Peramivir anhydrous (Rapivab, RAPIACTA) is a cyclopentane intravenous neuraminidase inhibitor for acute uncomplicated influenza; single 600 mg dose within 2 days of onset, FDA approved December 2014.
Perampanel
Perampanel (Fycompa, E2007) is a non-competitive AMPA glutamate receptor antagonist antiseizure drug, first FDA-approved 22 October 2012 for partial-onset seizures, later for PGTC seizures, with Schedule III status and a psychiatric boxed warning.
Perception
Perception is the process by which the nervous system computes over sensory inputs to build models of the world, from receptor transduction through multisensory integration and predictive inference.
Percussion (medicine)
Percussion (medicine): bedside tapping of the chest or abdomen to judge underlying air, fluid, or solid. Discovered by Auenbrugger 1761, popularized by Corvisart 1808; notes include tympany, resonance, dullness.
Percutaneous ablation
Percutaneous ablation is a minimally invasive, image-guided treatment delivering energy through skin probes to destroy tumors, with outcomes for small liver cancers similar to surgery.
Percutaneous angioplasty
Percutaneous angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure in which a balloon-tipped catheter is inflated inside a narrowed artery to compress plaque and restore blood flow, usually followed by a stent.
Percutaneous coronary intervention
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or coronary angioplasty, is a catheter-based procedure opening blocked coronary arteries with balloon and stent; introduced by Grüntzig in 1977, drug-eluting stents are its standard, with CABG favored in complex disease.
Percutaneous Diskectomy
Percutaneous diskectomy (percutaneous nucleotomy, Diskectomy Percutaneous MeSH D017587): posterolateral, outside-the-canal removal of herniated disc material; first described by Hijikata 1975, automated by Onik 1985, done under local anesthesia.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): endoscopically guided feeding tube placed through the abdominal wall into the stomach, devised by Gauderer and Ponsky in Cleveland in 1979-1980 for long-term enteral nutrition.
Percutaneous ethanol injection
Percutaneous ethanol injection, also known as ethanol ablation, injects 95–99% sterile ethanol into lesions under imaging guidance, used mainly for small liver cancers and cystic thyroid nodules.
Percutaneous fixation
Percutaneous fixation is an orthopedic surgical technique that stabilizes fractures with screws, pins, or rods inserted through small skin incisions without opening the fracture site, sparing its blood supply.
Percutaneous intentional extraluminal revascularization
Percutaneous intentional extraluminal revascularization (PIER, subintimal angioplasty) is an endovascular technique for chronic total occlusions of peripheral arteries, creating a subintimal dissection channel with true-lumen reentry; technical success 65-100%, used when intraluminal crossing fails.
Percutaneous mitral valve repair
Percutaneous mitral valve repair, in practice transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER), is a catheter-based procedure that clips the mitral leaflets together to reduce leaking without open-heart surgery.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a surgical procedure that removes kidney stones through a small incision in the back, first-line treatment for stones larger than 20 mm, including staghorn stones.
Percutaneous pinning
Percutaneous pinning is a fracture fixation technique in which Kirschner wires are passed through the skin into bone under imaging guidance, without open exposure of the fracture site.