25,729 articles
Penicillin
Penicillin, the first antibiotic, is a beta-lactam from Penicillium molds discovered by Fleming in 1928, developed by Florey and Chain at Oxford, mass-produced by 1943, and honored with the 1945 Nobel Prize; it kills bacteria by blocking peptidoglycan cross-linking.
Penicillin allergy testing
Penicillin allergy testing is the diagnostic evaluation of patients carrying a penicillin allergy label, using structured history, skin testing, and observed oral challenge to confirm or remove the label.
Penicillin skin testing
Penicillin skin testing is a diagnostic procedure that applies penicillin reagents to the skin by prick or intradermal injection to detect IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in suspected penicillin allergy.
Penile agenesis
Penile agenesis (aphallia) is an extremely rare congenital absence of the penis in 46,XY males, with ectopic or absent urethra, frequent genitourinary and anorectal anomalies, and management shifting toward male assignment with staged neophalloplasty.
Penile cancer
Penile cancer: rare squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, about 1% of male cancers; HPV is the main risk factor; 67% five-year relative survival; treated with penile-sparing surgery, radiotherapy, or amputation.
Penile fracture
Penile fracture: rupture of the tunica albuginea of the erect penis, usually during intercourse, masturbation, or taqaandan; presents with a cracking sound, detumescence, and hematoma, and is treated by urgent surgical tunica repair.
Penile implant
Penile implant (penile prosthesis): surgically implanted device treating drug-refractory erectile dysfunction. Inflatable (most common, three-piece since 1973) and semirigid types; 45-90 minute surgery, high satisfaction, infection is the main risk.
Penile prosthesis implantation
Penile prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure placing inflatable or malleable devices to restore rigidity in men with erectile dysfunction unresponsive to tablets, vacuum devices, or injections.
Penile prosthesis surgery
Penile prosthesis surgery is the implantation of inflatable or malleable devices into the penis to produce erections, offered as third-line treatment for erectile dysfunction when pills, vacuum devices, and injections fail.
Penile subincision
Penile subincision, or burra, is a urethrotomy splitting the ventral penis and urethra, practiced as a coming-of-age ritual in Western and Central Australian indigenous communities, with sacred blood-letting and debated origins.
Penile–vaginal intercourse
Penile–vaginal intercourse, also called vaginal sex or penis-in-vagina sex, is the act in which a penis enters a vagina; it is the main route of human conception and can transmit STIs, prevented by condoms and contraception.
Penis
Penis: the male external copulatory and urinary organ, made of two corpora cavernosa and a corpus spongiosum around the urethra. Erection is nitric-oxide-mediated blood engorgement; key conditions include ED, Peyronie's disease, and priapism.
Penis as food
Penis as food: eating animal penises (bull, goat, dog, yak, seal; 牛鞭) as offal or virility dishes, e.g. Malaysian sup torpedo, Bolivian caldo de Cardan, Beijing's Guo Lizhuang restaurants.
Penis captivus
Penis captivus (captive penis, coitus ligatus) is a rare, disputed phenomenon of temporary penile entrapment in the vagina from involuntary pelvic floor spasm, documented mainly through historical BMJ accounts from 1884 to 1980.
Penis enlargement
Penis enlargement (penile augmentation): surgical, injectable, and device methods for penile length or girth. Traction gains 1–3 cm; fillers ~2 cm girth; societies deem cosmetic procedures investigational.
Penis removal
Penectomy (penis removal) is partial or total surgical removal of the penis, mainly to treat penile cancer; total penectomy requires a perineal urethrostomy for seated urination, with phalloplasty sometimes possible.
Penis transplantation
Penis transplantation, a vascularized composite allotransplant restoring urinary and sexual function; first attempted China 2006, first successful South Africa 2014, first total penis and scrotum transplant Johns Hopkins 2018; five cases worldwide, lifelong immunosuppression required.
Pennhurst State School and Hospital
Pennhurst State School and Hospital (1908-1987), Spring City, Pennsylvania, a state institution for people with developmental disabilities; exposed by the 1968 report Suffer the Little Children and closed after Halderman v. Pennhurst, a landmark disability rights case.
Pennsylvania Department of Health
The Pennsylvania Department of Health is Pennsylvania's state public health agency, headquartered in Harrisburg. Created in 1905, it issues vital records, and is led by Secretary Dr. Debra Bogen.
Pennsylvania Hospital
Pennsylvania Hospital, at 800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, is the nation's first chartered hospital, founded 1751 by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Bond; its National Historic Landmark Pine Building holds America's first surgical amphitheater and medical library.
Penoscrotal transposition
Penoscrotal transposition (PST), or prepenile scrotum, is a rare congenital genital anomaly in which the scrotum sits above the penis; often with hypospadias, chordee, and renal, cardiac, CNS, and anorectal defects; corrected mainly by Glenn-Anderson scrotoplasty.
Penoscrotodynia
Penoscrotodynia, also known as dysaesthetic penoscrotodynia or male genital burning syndrome, is a rare condition of men involving genital pain or burning with no identifiable cause.
Penpulimab
Penpulimab (AK105, penpulimab-kcqx, 安尼可) is Akeso Biopharma's Fc-engineered IgG1 anti-PD-1 antibody, FDA-approved April 23, 2025 for non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with phase 3 PFS benefit and low immune-related toxicity.
PENS syndrome
PENS syndrome (papular epidermal nevus with "skyline" basal cell layer syndrome) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder: congenital hyperkeratotic papules with a palisaded basal cell layer, with neurological abnormalities in about 50% of cases.
PENSAR trial
PENSAR (NCT07273006) is a four-arm randomized multicenter trial led by Juan Antonio Valera-Calero, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, testing percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation against lidocaine medial branch blocks for diagnosing facet joint syndrome in non-specific chronic low back pain.
Pentabio
Pentabio (PentaBIO, DTwP-HepB-Hib) is a WHO-prequalified pentavalent infant vaccine from Indonesia's PT Bio Farma, prequalified 19 December 2014 (FVP-P-309), protecting against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and Hib.
Pentacel
Pentacel (DTaP-IPV/Hib), Sanofi Pasteur's pentavalent infant vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, and Hib; FDA licensed June 20, 2008, four doses at 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, distinct from Pediarix and Vaxelis.
Pentalogy of Cantrell
Pentalogy of Cantrell (Cantrell syndrome, thoraco-abdominal syndrome) is a rare, usually lethal congenital syndrome of five midline defects: abdominal wall, lower sternum, anterior diaphragm, pericardium, and heart, with ectopia cordis common and survival around 37 percent.
Pentavalent vaccine
Pentavalent vaccine, a five-in-one combination vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and Hib (DTwP-HepB-Hib in Gavi countries; Pediarix and Pentacel in the US), now transitioning to hexavalent with IPV.
Pentazocine
Pentazocine (Talwin, Fortral) is a benzomorphan mixed opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, a mu partial agonist and kappa agonist, one-sixth to one-third as potent as morphine, marketed since 1983 with naloxone to deter injection misuse.