Human health and medicine

Protandim

Protandim is LifeVantage's five-herb Nrf2-activating dietary supplement (675 mg daily), sold via multi-level marketing; it received a 2017 FDA warning letter for disease claims, and small trials show a TBARS marker reduction but no clinical benefit.

Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome

Proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome (PRAAS), also called CANDLE or Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder causing rash, recurrent fever, joint contractures, and lipodystrophy beginning in infancy.

ProtecT trial (NCT02044172)

The ProtecT trial was a UK randomized trial of active monitoring, prostatectomy, and radiotherapy for PSA-detected localized prostate cancer; all three arms had similar mortality.

Protected health information

Protected health information (PHI) is individually identifiable health information held by HIPAA covered entities and business associates, protected by the Privacy and Security Rules, with de-identification, minimum necessary, and FTC gap coverage.

Protective Gloves

Protective gloves: hand coverings of latex, nitrile, or vinyl used as medical PPE or chemical protection; FDA-regulated, leak-tested under ASTM D5151, with nitrile and latex outperforming vinyl in use.

Protein (nutrient)

Protein (nutrient): dietary macronutrient of amino acid chains needed for cell repair and growth; essential amino acids must come from food; US guidance moved from 0.8 to 1.2–1.6 g/kg/day in 2026.

Protein contact dermatitis

Protein contact dermatitis (PCD), first described by Hjorth and Roed-Petersen in 1976, is a chronic IgE-mediated eczema from immediate protein hypersensitivity, mainly occupational in food handlers, with negative patch tests and positive prick tests.

Protein deficiency

Protein deficiency: inadequate dietary protein causing impaired growth, immunity, and albumin synthesis; ICD-11 code 5B71. Severe form in children is kwashiorkor (edema, fatty liver), contrasted with marasmus; 42.8 million under-5s wasted in 2024.

Protein deficiency anaemia

Protein deficiency anaemia, also called amino-acid deficiency anaemia, is ICD-11 code 3A03.1: anaemia from low body protein, usually normocytic, seen in protein-energy undernutrition, kwashiorkor, and tropical pregnancy-associated disease.

Protein-losing enteropathy

Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), also called exudative enteropathy or Waldmann's disease when due to primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, is excessive loss of serum proteins into the gut, linked to over 60 conditions and diagnosed by α1-antitrypsin or 51Cr-albumin clearance.

Sep 29, 2026

Protein-to-creatinine ratio

The protein-to-creatinine ratio, validated in 1983, is a urine test that estimates 24-hour protein excretion from a single sample, with about 3.1 mg/mg indicating nephrotic-range proteinuria.

Protein–energy malnutrition

Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM), or protein-energy undernutrition, is insufficient protein and energy intake to meet metabolic demand, spanning marasmus and kwashiorkor; childhood mortality 5–40%, treatable with therapeutic feeding and RUTF.

Proteinuria

Proteinuria, also called albuminuria, is excess protein in urine signaling kidney filter damage or transient causes. Defined by ACR categories (normal 2200 mg/g), it predicts kidney failure and cardiovascular risk.

Prothipendyl

Prothipendyl (Dominal) is a low-potency azaphenothiazine first-generation antipsychotic, ATC N05AX07, D2 antagonist with antihistaminic and anticholinergic effects, half-life 2-3 h, DDD 0.24 g, used for psychomotor agitation.

Prothrombin G20210A

Prothrombin G20210A (20210G>A, c.97G>A, factor II mutation) is a common F2 gene variant raising prothrombin levels and venous clot risk; second most common inherited thrombophilia after factor V Leiden, autosomal dominant, mostly in European-descent populations.

Prothrombin time

Prothrombin time (PT/INR) is a blood clotting test measuring seconds for plasma to clot; normal 11-13.5 s, INR 0.8-1.1; used mainly to monitor warfarin at INR 2.0-3.0.

Protionamide

Protionamide (prothionamide, Pto), a thionamide prodrug and therapeutic alternative to ethionamide for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; activated by EthA, inhibits InhA and mycolic acid synthesis; WHO EML-listed, 15-20 mg/kg/day.

Protokylol

Protokylol (Caytine, Ventaire) is a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist and isoproterenol derivative used as a bronchodilator in Europe and the US; its 2 mg oral tablet product was approved in 1982 and is discontinued.

Sep 29, 2026

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an MRI technique measuring hydrogen signals from metabolites in tissue instead of water, used to diagnose brain and prostate tumors through characteristic metabolite changes.

Proton-pump inhibitor

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs), including omeprazole and esomeprazole, are drugs that irreversibly block the gastric H+/K+-ATPase proton pump to treat GERD, peptic ulcers, and H. pylori infection, with known long-term risks.

PROTOP trial

PROTOP (NCT03574090) is a completed phase 4, triple-blind randomized Spanish trial by Universitat Internacional de Catalunya testing topical amoxicillin-clavulanic acid wound irrigation versus saline to prevent incisional surgical site infection in colorectal surgery; distinct from the tacrolimus ointment PROTOPIC.

Protothecosis

Protothecosis, infection by Prototheca algae (achlorophyllous, Trebouxiophyceae), causing human cutaneous, bursal, and disseminated disease and bovine mastitis; first human case 1964; amphotericin B is the mainstay drug.

Protracted bacterial bronchitis

Protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a chronic bacterial infection of the airways in young children, causing a wet cough over 4 weeks that resolves with oral antibiotics.

Protriptyline

Protriptyline (Vivactil) is an activating, non-sedating tricyclic antidepressant, FDA-approved in 1967 for mental depression, notable for cardiac risk, dangerous overdose, and 5 or 10 mg tablets.

Protruding ear

Protruding ear, also called prominent or bat ear, is a congenital auricular deformity with over 2 cm projection or auriculocephalic angle over 25 degrees, affecting about 5% of people, treated by infant ear molding or otoplasty.

PROVE-HF trial

PROVE-HF (NCT02887183) was a 52-week, open-label, single-arm phase 4 trial of sacubitril/valsartan in 794 HFrEF patients, showing NT-proBNP reduction correlated with reverse cardiac remodeling.

PROVESA trial

PROVESA trial (NCT04786834): a multicenter, randomized, blinded clinical trial at ORSI Academy, Belgium, comparing proficiency-based progression training with Halsted's traditional training for robotic vesico-urethral anastomosis on a chicken model; 12/18 versus 3/18 trainees reached proficiency.