Human health and medicine

Remternetug

Remternetug (LY3372993) is Eli Lilly's investigational IgG1 antibody against pyroglutamate amyloid-beta plaques in Alzheimer's disease, developed as a subcutaneous monthly successor to donanemab (Kisunla), now in phase 3 TRAILRUNNER-ALZ trials.

Renal angioplasty

Renal angioplasty is a catheter-based procedure that widens a narrowed renal artery with balloon dilation and often a stent, used for renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy.

Renal arteriovenous malformation

Renal arteriovenous malformation (rAVM, kidney AVM) is a rare abnormal artery-vein communication in the kidney, congenital in about 25% of cases, presenting mainly with hematuria and treated chiefly by transcatheter embolization.

Renal artery

Renal artery: paired artery from the abdominal aorta (L1-L2 level) supplying each kidney; divides into anterior/posterior divisions; accessory renal arteries occur in about 21% of people; main disease is renal artery stenosis causing renovascular hypertension.

Renal artery stenosis

Renal artery stenosis (RAS), also called atherosclerotic renovascular disease, is narrowing of one or both renal arteries, about 90% from atherosclerosis and most of the rest from fibromuscular dysplasia, causing renovascular hypertension and ischemic nephropathy; trials (ASTRAL, CORAL) show stenting adds no benefit over medical therapy for most patients.

Renal biopsy

Renal biopsy, also called kidney biopsy, is a diagnostic procedure in which a needle removes a small sample of kidney tissue, examined under a microscope to diagnose kidney disease.

Renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), also called hypernephroma or renal adenocarcinoma, is the most common adult kidney cancer, arising from renal tubule lining; classified by WHO 2022 into six categories, driven by VHL inactivation, treated by surgery and immunotherapy.

Renal Circulation

Renal circulation: blood flow through the kidney's vessels, about 20% of cardiac output (~1 L/min), with glomerular and peritubular capillaries in series and myogenic plus tubuloglomerular feedback autoregulation.

Renal colic

Renal colic, also called ureteric colic, is severe loin pain from acute ureteral obstruction by a stone; lifetime risk 12% men, 6% women; NSAIDs first-line, low-dose non-contrast CT key imaging.

Oct 20, 2026

Renal coloboma syndrome

Renal coloboma syndrome, also called papillorenal syndrome or PAX2-related disorder, is an autosomal dominant condition caused by PAX2 variants, combining renal hypodysplasia (92% of cases) with optic nerve dysplasia or coloboma (77%), often progressing to kidney failure.

Renal dysplasia

Renal dysplasia (kidney dysplasia), a CAKUT malformation with disorganized kidney tissue, primitive ducts, and cartilage; leading cause of pediatric kidney failure, diagnosed by ultrasound, managed supportively.

Oct 20, 2026

Renal hypoplasia

Renal hypoplasia (ORPHA:93101, ICD-10 Q60.3-Q60.5) is a congenital malformation of abnormally small kidneys with normal corticomedullary differentiation and reduced nephron number, caused by developmental gene mutations (HNF1B, PAX2, PBX1) or environmental factors, risking hypertension and chronic kidney disease.

Renal mass biopsy

Renal mass biopsy (RMB) is a percutaneous needle procedure that samples a kidney tumor to determine whether it is benign or malignant, and to identify its subtype and grade.

Renal medullary carcinoma

Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC), SMARCB1-deficient renal medullary carcinoma, is a rare aggressive kidney cancer of the renal medulla in young people with sickle cell trait; 98% present metastatic, median survival 9 to 13 months.

Renal parenchymal hypertension

Renal parenchymal hypertension is high blood pressure caused by disease of the kidney tissue itself, which retains sodium and water; it accounts for 3% to 5% of hypertension.

Renal physiology

Renal physiology: how the kidneys filter blood, reabsorb and secrete solutes, and regulate homeostasis. Key facts: normal GFR 100-125 mL/min/1.73 m², myogenic and tubuloglomerular autoregulation, countercurrent multiplication, renal functional reserve.

Renal replacement therapy

Renal replacement therapy (RRT, kidney replacement therapy) covers hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplant for severe acute kidney injury or stage 5 CKD, with conservative management as a non-dialysis option; dialysis typically starts at eGFR 5-7 ml/min/1.73 m2 or on emergency indications.

Renal scintigraphy

Renal scintigraphy is a nuclear medicine imaging method that injects a radioactive tracer, records its passage through the kidneys with a gamma camera, and measures perfusion, function, and drainage.

Renal sympathetic denervation

Renal sympathetic denervation (renal denervation, RDN) is a catheter-based procedure ablating renal sympathetic nerves with radiofrequency, ultrasound, or alcohol energy to lower uncontrolled blood pressure; FDA approved Recor Paradise and Medtronic Symplicity Spyral systems in November 2023.

Renal tubular acidosis

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA), including distal (type 1), proximal (type 2), and hyperkalemic (type 4) forms, is a group of tubular kidney disorders causing normal-anion-gap metabolic acidosis, diagnosed by urine pH and provocative tests and treated with alkali therapy.

Renal tubular dysgenesis

Renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD), or primitive renal tubule syndrome, is a severe fetal kidney disorder with absent proximal tubules, causing anuria, oligohydramnios, Potter sequence, and usually perinatal death; genetic forms are autosomal recessive in ACE, AGT, AGTR1, or REN.

Renal vein

The renal vein, known in Latin as vena renalis, drains each kidney into the inferior vena cava; the left vein is much longer than the right.

Renal vein thrombosis

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is clot formation in the renal veins, causing kidney injury. Main causes are nephrotic syndrome and malignancy; also a neonatal disease. Treated with anticoagulation, thrombolysis, or thrombectomy.

Renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia

Renal-hepatic-pancreatic dysplasia (Ivemark II syndrome, RHPD) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy with pancreatic fibrosis, renal dysplasia, and hepatic dysgenesis, first described by Ivemark in 1959; genes NPHP3, NEK8, DNAJB11; usually perinatally fatal.

René Favaloro

René Favaloro, born René Gerónimo Favaloro, was an Argentine cardiac surgeon who pioneered coronary artery bypass surgery at the Cleveland Clinic in 1967 and returned to Argentina to found the Fundación Favaloro.

René Laennec

René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826), French physician at Paris's Hôpital Necker, invented the stethoscope in 1816 and founded mediate auscultation through his 1819 treatise De l'Auscultation Médiate.

Renew trial

Renew trial (RENUÉVATE Project, NCT07313267): cluster-randomized controlled trial in Talca, Chile testing an 8-week alternative-sports physical education program (flag football, ultimate frisbee, korfball, kin-ball) on fitness, motor competence, and enjoyment in 11-12-year-olds.