25,729 articles
Schizophrenia research
Schizophrenia research: the scientific study of schizophrenia's causes, neurobiology, and treatment, anchored by journals such as Schizophrenia Research (Elsevier, 1988) and Schizophrenia Bulletin (1969), WHO cross-cultural studies, and current work on genetics, negative symptoms, and AI.
Schizophrenia, continuous
Schizophrenia, continuous is an ICD-11 course specifier, code 6A20.2, describing schizophrenia whose full symptoms persist through nearly the entire illness course for at least one year.
Schizophrenia, first episode
Schizophrenia, first episode (ICD-11 6A20.0) is the first occurrence of schizophrenia meeting full diagnostic criteria. Covers symptoms, the 3-5 year critical period, duration of untreated psychosis, antipsychotic response rates, and NIMH RAISE coordinated specialty care.
Schizotypal personality disorder
Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD, SPD): a DSM-5 personality disorder and ICD-11 schizophrenia-spectrum condition with eccentric behavior, cognitive-perceptual distortions, and social deficits; prevalence about 0.6-4.6%, 20-40% convert to psychosis.
Schizotypy
Schizotypy: a continuum of schizophrenia-like personality traits in the general population, also called psychosis proneness; coined by Rado (1953), modeled by Meehl, measured by SPQ and O-LIFE, with positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions.
Schmorl's nodes
Schmorl's nodes, also called Schmorl nodes, are vertical herniations of disc nucleus pulposus through the vertebral endplate into the vertebral body, first described by Christian Schmorl in 1927; mostly asymptomatic, thoracolumbar, highly heritable, occasionally painful.
Schneckenbecken dysplasia
Schneckenbecken dysplasia (chondrodysplasia with snail-like pelvis, SLC35D1-CDG) is a rare autosomal recessive, perinatally lethal spondylodysplastic skeletal dysplasia with snail-shaped iliac bones, caused by SLC35D1 or INPPL1 mutations.
Schnitzler syndrome
Schnitzler syndrome, first described by Liliane Schnitzler in 1972, is a rare acquired autoinflammatory disorder combining chronic urticarial rash with monoclonal IgM gammopathy, recurrent fever, bone pain, and rapid response to IL-1 blockade with anakinra.
Schnyder corneal dystrophy
Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD), formerly Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy, is a rare autosomal dominant stromal corneal dystrophy caused by UBIAD1 mutations on 1p36, with cholesterol and phospholipid corneal deposits, crystals in only about half of patients, and hypercholesterolemia association.
School meal programs in the United States
School meal programs in the United States: the National School Lunch Program (1946) and School Breakfast Program (1966), USDA-reimbursed meals with free/reduced tiers at 130%/185% poverty, plus the Community Eligibility Provision and eight state universal free meal programs.
School of Tropical Medicine
School of Tropical Medicine (Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine), Kolkata, India: government tropical disease institution founded 1914 by Leonard Rogers, with Carmichael Hospital, MD/DM/BMLT courses, and major kala-azar and HIV research.
Schöpf-Schulz-Passarge syndrome
Schöpf-Schulz-Passarge syndrome (SSPS, OMIM 224750) is a rare autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia caused by WNT10A mutations, marked by eyelid apocrine hidrocystomas, palmoplantar keratoderma, hypotrichosis, hypodontia, and nail dystrophy.
Schuurs-Hoeijmakers syndrome
Schuurs-Hoeijmakers syndrome, or PACS1-related neurodevelopmental disorder (OMIM 615009), is an ultra-rare autosomal dominant disorder caused mainly by the de novo PACS1 c.607C>T p.Arg203Trp variant, causing intellectual disability, speech delay, distinctive facial features, and seizures.
Schwann cell
Schwann cell: PNS glial cell (Theodor Schwann, 1839) forming myelin sheaths of peripheral axons, one internode per cell, derived from neural crest; transdifferentiates into repair cells after injury and is used in nerve repair and spinal cord injury trials.
Schwannoma
Schwannoma, also called neurilemmoma, is a usually benign nerve sheath tumor arising from Schwann cells, the most common peripheral nerve tumor in adults, often on the vestibular nerve.
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS, chondrodystrophic myotonia, Schwartz-Jampel-Aberfeld syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive HSPG2/perlecan disorder combining permanent myotonia, mask-like facies, and chondrodysplasia; former type 2 is Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome.
Sciatic nerve
Sciatic nerve: largest human nerve, from L4–S3 roots, exiting the pelvis below piriformis and dividing into tibial and common peroneal nerves near the knee; supplies posterior thigh and most leg and foot motor and sensory function.
Sciatica
Sciatica: pain radiating from the buttock down the leg from sciatic nerve irritation or compression, usually a herniated lumbar disc; up to 43% lifetime prevalence, mostly self-limiting, with surgery offering only short-term benefit.
Scimitar syndrome
Scimitar syndrome: rare congenital anomaly with right pulmonary venous drainage into the inferior vena cava, right lung hypoplasia, and systemic arterial supply; named by Neill in 1960; survival 88% at age 30.
Scintillating scotoma
Scintillating scotoma, also called fortification spectrum or teichopsia, is the most common migraine visual aura: a flickering, jagged-edged blind spot spreading C-shaped over 5–60 minutes, linked to cortical spreading depression.
Sclera
The sclera is the tough white fibrous outer coat of the eye, about 85% of the outer tunic, spanning cornea to optic nerve; type I collagen-rich, strain-stiffening, linked to myopia, glaucoma, and scleritis.
Scleral buckle
Scleral buckle (scleral buckling): silicone explant sutured to the sclera to indent the eyewall and close retinal breaks in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment; introduced by Custodis in 1949, refined by Schepens and Lincoff, still used alone or with vitrectomy.
Scleral fixation
Scleral fixation of an intraocular lens (SFIOL) is an eye surgery technique that anchors an IOL to the sclera when capsular support is inadequate, using sutured or sutureless flanged methods.
Scleral staphyloma
Scleral staphyloma (ICD-11 9B52), also called scleral ectasia, is a circumscribed outpouching of the thinned eye wall with uveal protrusion; posterior staphyloma is a hallmark of pathologic myopia, classified by Curtin into ten types.
Sclerectomy
Sclerectomy in modern glaucoma practice means nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy, a filtering operation that lowers intraocular pressure by removing a deep lamella of sclera without opening the anterior chamber.
Scleredema
Scleredema of Buschke (scleredema adultorum) is a rare scleromucinous skin disease of unknown cause causing woody skin induration starting on the neck, in postinfectious, paraproteinemia-associated, and diabetes-associated types.
Sclerema neonatorum
Sclerema neonatorum (SN) is a rare neonatal panniculitis causing diffuse hardening of skin and subcutaneous fat in critically ill preterm infants, sparing palms, soles, and genitalia, with high mortality and sparse inflammatory histology, distinct from subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn.
Scleritis
Scleritis, inflammation of the sclera of the eye, is a painful, vision-threatening disorder with anterior (9 of 10 cases), necrotizing, and posterior subtypes, often linked to rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic disease.
Sclerodactyly
Sclerodactyly is hardening and tightening of finger and toe skin, a hallmark of systemic sclerosis; also a 1980 ACR minor criterion, VEDOSS feature, and seen in MCTD and morphea-SSc overlap.
Scleroderma
Scleroderma, also called systemic sclerosis when organs are involved, is an autoimmune disease causing skin and organ fibrosis and vasculopathy. Types include localized (morphea, linear), limited (CREST), diffuse, and sine scleroderma; no cure exists.