Human health and medicine

Shock (circulatory)

Circulatory shock: life-threatening acute circulatory failure with inadequate cellular oxygen utilization and dysoxia, not synonymous with hypotension. Four types (hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive); septic shock most common; ICU mortality about 38%.

Shock wave lithotripsy

Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a noninvasive treatment that uses focused acoustic shock waves to fragment kidney or ureteral stones so they pass in the urine.

Shock wave therapy

Shock wave therapy is a clinical treatment delivering short, high-amplitude acoustic pressure pulses into tissue to stimulate healing and reduce pain, used mainly for tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis.

Shone complex

Shone complex, or Shone syndrome, is a rare congenital heart malformation combining left-sided obstructive lesions: supravalvular mitral membrane, parachute mitral valve, subaortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta; incomplete forms are common, treated surgically with lifelong follow-up.

Short bowel syndrome

Short bowel syndrome (SBS), also called short gut, is malabsorption after loss of small intestine length from resection or disease, causing chronic intestinal failure; treated with parenteral nutrition, teduglutide, surgery, and transplantation.

Short QT syndrome

Short QT syndrome is a rare inherited heart rhythm disorder in which the heart's electrical recovery is abnormally fast, predisposing to atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death.

Short rib syndromes

Short rib syndromes (short rib-polydactyly syndromes, SRPS; ICD-11 LD24.B) are rare autosomal recessive skeletal ciliopathies with extremely short ribs, narrow thorax, short limbs, and often polydactyly; four SRPS types, usually perinatal lethal, caused by IFT and dynein gene mutations.

Short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Majewski type

Short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Majewski type (SRPS type II, Majewski syndrome) is a lethal autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia first described in 1971, marked by short ovoid tibias, a narrow thorax, polydactyly, and cleft lip and palate.

Short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Saldino-Noonan type

Short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Saldino-Noonan type (SRPS type I, OMIM 613091) is a rare lethal autosomal recessive skeletal ciliopathy caused by DYNC2H1 mutations, marked by a narrow thorax, short ribs, micromelia, polydactyly, and organ anomalies.

Short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Verma-Naumoff type

Short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Verma-Naumoff type (SRPS type 3, ORPHA 93271): a lethal autosomal recessive ciliopathy with short ribs, narrow thorax, shortened limbs, polydactyly, and multi-organ anomalies; genes IFT80, DYNC2H1, WDR34, NEK1.

Short stature

Short stature: a child's height 2+ SD below the age-sex mean (below the 2.3rd percentile), also called idiopathic short stature when no cause is found; most cases are familial or constitutional delay, and growth hormone adds about 4-6 cm adult height.

Short stature due to GHSR deficiency

Short stature due to GHSR deficiency (ghrelin receptor deficiency, OMIM 615925) is a rare genetic endocrine growth disorder from GHSR gene mutations at 3q26.31, causing postnatal growth delay, height below -2 SD, low IGF-I, and normal stimulated GH response.

Short stature-brachydactyly-obesity-global developmental delay syndrome

Short stature-brachydactyly-obesity-global developmental delay syndrome, also called SBIDDS (OMIM 617157), is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive PRMT7-related neurodevelopmental disorder with short stature, brachydactyly, intellectual disability, seizures, delayed-onset obesity, and a recognizable facial gestalt.

Short stature-onychodysplasia-facial dysmorphism-hypotrichosis syndrome

SOFT syndrome (MIM#614813), short stature-onychodysplasia-facial dysmorphism-hypotrichosis syndrome, is a rare autosomal-recessive primordial dwarfism ciliopathy caused by biallelic POC1A variants, with prenatal-onset severe short stature, nail and hair anomalies, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis.

Short stature-optic atrophy-Pelger-Huët anomaly syndrome

SOPH syndrome (short stature-optic atrophy-Pelger-Huët anomaly syndrome), also called Kleinwuchs-Optikusatrophie-Pelger-Huët-Anomalie-Syndrom, is a rare autosomal recessive NBAS-related disorder with severe postnatal growth failure, optic atrophy, neutrophil nuclear anomaly, and normal intelligence.

Short stature-skeletal dysplasia-retinal degeneration-intellectual disability-sensorineural hearing loss syndrome

Liberfarb syndrome (LIBF) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by variants in the PISD gene, combining short stature, skeletal deformities, retinal degeneration, intellectual disability, and hearing loss.

Short stature-wormian bones-dextrocardia syndrome

Short stature-wormian bones-dextrocardia syndrome, or Stratton-Parker syndrome (OMIM 185120), is an extremely rare multiple congenital anomalies disorder with wormian bones, dextrocardia, growth-hormone-deficiency short stature, and facial dysmorphism; 3 cases known.

SHORT syndrome

SHORT syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by PIK3R1 variants, first described in 1975, marked by short stature, distinctive facial features, teething delay, and insulin resistance.

SHORT-ESD trial

SHORT-ESD (NCT05347446) was a five-center US randomized trial comparing hybrid ESD, knife dissection plus snare resection, with conventional ESD for 20–50 mm nonpedunculated colorectal lesions: shorter procedure time (41.1 vs 54.3 min) but numerically lower en bloc and R0 rates.

Short-segment fixation

Short-segment fixation is a posterior spinal technique placing pedicle screws only one level above and below a fractured vertebra, shortening operations and reducing blood loss.

Short-term insomnia

Short-term (acute) insomnia, ICD-11 7A01, is sleep-initiation or maintenance difficulty under 3 months despite adequate sleep opportunity, with daytime impairment; usually stress-precipitated, treated first with CBT-I.

Shortening osteotomy

Shortening osteotomy is a reconstructive operation that removes a segment of a long bone to shorten the limb, most often to equalize leg lengths or correct deformity.

Shortness of breath

Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is subjective breathing discomfort from heart, lung, neuromuscular, or anxiety causes, driven by neuromechanical dissociation, measured by self-report scales like mMRC and Borg, and treated by addressing the underlying disease.

Shoulder

The shoulder is the body region connecting the arm to the trunk, built from three bones and four joints, the most mobile joint system in the body.

Shoulder arthroplasty

Shoulder arthroplasty replaces the arthritic shoulder joint with a prosthesis, in anatomic, hemiarthroplasty, and reverse forms; the reverse design, published by Grammont in 1993, compensates for a torn rotator cuff.

Shoulder arthroscopy

Shoulder arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique using an arthroscope inserted through small portals to diagnose and repair conditions inside the shoulder joint, including rotator cuff tears and labral damage.

Shoulder dystocia

Shoulder dystocia, also called impacted shoulders in vaginal birth, is an obstetric emergency where the fetal shoulder sticks behind the pubic bone after head delivery; managed with McRoberts maneuver, causing brachial plexus injury in 2.3–16% of cases.