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Society for Neuroscience
The Society for Neuroscience (SfN) is an international professional society for brain researchers, founded in Washington, D.C. in 1969, that runs a large annual meeting.
Society for Neuroscience Oral History Project
The Society for Neuroscience Oral History Project is an archival program of video interviews and written autobiographies of senior neuroscientists, conceived by Larry Squire during his 1993 to 1994 SfN presidency.
Society for Vascular Surgery
Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS), founded July 3, 1946 in San Francisco by 31 surgeons; US professional society for vascular surgery with 6,000+ members, the Journal of Vascular Surgery, and the Vascular Quality Initiative registry.
Society of Critical Care Medicine
Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), founded 1970 in Los Angeles, is the largest nonprofit medical society for critical care, with 17,000+ members in over 100 countries, publishing Critical Care Medicine journal and ICU guidelines.
Society of Thoracic Surgeons
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), founded 1964, is the world's largest cardiothoracic surgery organization with 8,000+ members in 102 countries, known for the STS National Database, risk-adjusted star ratings, and The Annals of Thoracic Surgery.
Socioeconomic Factors
Socioeconomic factors are the social and economic characteristics, including income, education, occupation, and wealth, that position people within a society and shape health, producing a social gradient in illness and avoidable health inequities.
Sociology of health & illness
Sociology of health and illness: sociological subdiscipline studying the social causes and experience of health, illness, and medicine, descended from Parsons' medical sociology; also its flagship journal, founded 1979, owned by the Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness.
Socket shield technique
The socket shield technique, also known as the root membrane technique, is a dental implant procedure that retains part of a tooth root to preserve bone.
Sodium chloride deficiency
Sodium chloride deficiency (ICD-11 5B5K.5), salt deficiency from poor intake or losses via diuretics, cystic fibrosis sweat, or GI losses; rare in healthy people, presents as hypovolemic hyponatremia.
Sodium glycididazole
Sodium glycididazole (甘氨双唑钠, CMNa, brand 希美纳) is a Chinese nitroimidazole hypoxic-cell radiosensitizer given at 800 mg/m2 before radiotherapy for head and neck, esophageal, and lung tumors, improving response rates without added toxicity.
Sodium lactate
Sodium lactate (E-325, CAS 72-17-3), the sodium salt of lactic acid, is a GRAS multifunctional food additive and the buffer in lactated Ringer's (Hartmann's) solution, metabolized in the liver to bicarbonate.
Sodium nitroprusside
Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, Nitropress, Nipride RTU), Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O, an intravenous nitrovasodilator releasing nitric oxide and cyanide, used for hypertensive crises, controlled surgical hypotension, and acute heart failure.
Sodium oligomannate
Sodium oligomannate (GV-971, 甘露特钠胶囊, brand 九期一) is a brown-algae-derived oligosaccharide drug conditionally approved in China in 2019 for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease; its registration lapsed in 2024 and production is suspended.
Sodium oxybate
Sodium oxybate (GHB sodium salt; brands Xyrem, Lumryz) is a Schedule III CNS depressant treating cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy patients 7 and older, FDA-approved 2002, distributed only via REMS central pharmacies, dosed twice or once nightly up to 9 g.
Sodium thiopental
Sodium thiopental (thiopentone, Pentothal) is an ultra-short-acting thiobarbiturate anesthetic developed by Abbott with Lundy and Waters in 1934; onset in 30 seconds, 2-5 minute bolus action via redistribution; also used for refractory seizures, raised intracranial pressure, and formerly lethal injection.
Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter deficiency
Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter deficiency, also called SMVT deficiency or SLC5A6 deficiency (OMIM 618973), is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder impairing intestinal uptake of biotin, pantothenic acid, and lipoate, treatable with high-dose vitamins.
SOFA score
SOFA score (Sequential/Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment), with bedside derivative qSOFA: a 0–24 ICU score grading six organ systems 0–4 each; a rise of ≥2 points defines Sepsis-3 organ dysfunction; updated as SOFA-2 in 2025.
Sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi), Gilead's nucleotide analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor approved by the FDA in December 2013, treats chronic hepatitis C; first all-oral HCV regimen, 400 mg once daily, now available as low-cost generics.
Sofpironium
Sofpironium (sofpironium bromide, BBI-4000; brands Sofdra, ECCLOCK/エクロック) is a topical retrometabolic anticholinergic gel for primary axillary hyperhidrosis, approved in Japan 2020 (5%) and by FDA June 2024 (12.45%).
Soft and hard cleft palate
Soft and hard cleft palate (ORPHA:664372, ICD-10 Q35.5) is a congenital cleft extending through both the hard and soft palate, multifactorial in origin, causing hypernasal speech, malocclusion, and maxillary hypoplasia, repaired by palatoplasty.
Soft corn
Soft corn (heloma molle, interdigital or kissing corn) is a painful, macerated hyperkeratotic lesion between adjacent toes, usually the fourth and fifth, caused by friction between bony prominences and moisture, treated with footwear changes, padding, or surgery.
Soft palate
Soft palate (velum, palatum molle): mobile muscular posterior third of the palate ending in the uvula, with five muscles innervated by the vagus via the pharyngeal plexus except tensor veli palatini (V3); central to swallowing, speech, and sleep apnea.
Soft tissue biopsy
A soft tissue biopsy is a diagnostic procedure that removes a sample of muscle, fat, or connective tissue for microscopic examination to identify disease, especially tumors.
Soft tissue therapy
Soft tissue therapy is a family of hands-on and instrument-assisted treatments targeting muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia, including massage, myofascial release, Rolfing, trigger point release, and IASTM.
SOFT trial
SOFT (Suppression of Ovarian Function Trial), IBCSG phase III trial NCT00066690 in 3,047 premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer, testing 5 years of tamoxifen, tamoxifen+ovarian suppression, or exemestane+ovarian suppression; benefit concentrated in higher-risk and under-35 patients.
Soiling
Soiling, also called encopresis or fecal incontinence, is the passage of faeces into clothing or inappropriate places after the age of expected continence, usually from constipation with overflow leakage, treatable with laxatives and behavior modification.
Solar urticaria
Solar urticaria, a rare chronic inducible urticaria and photodermatosis, causes itching wheals within minutes of UV or visible light exposure; treated with antihistamines, phototherapy, and omalizumab.
Sole (foot)
The sole (planta pedis) is the bottom weight-bearing surface of the foot, with three arches, the plantar aponeurosis, 14 intrinsic muscles, and thick hairless skin; clinically central to diabetic foot ulcers and plantar pressure measurement.
Soleus muscle
Soleus muscle (musculus soleus): broad flat deep calf muscle of the triceps surae, originating from tibia and fibula, inserting via the Achilles tendon; slow-twitch postural plantar flexor, venous pump, and common site of calf strain and DVT.
Solid dispersion
Solid dispersion is a molecular mixture of a poorly water-soluble drug in an inert, hydrophilic carrier. This technique, prepared by melting or solvent evaporation, improves the absorption of drugs.