Human health and medicine

Somatostatinoma

Somatostatinoma: an extremely rare somatostatin-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas or duodenum (about 1 in 40 million incidence), causing diabetes, gallstones, and steatorrhea in a minority of cases.

Somnolence

Somnolence, also called drowsiness, is the state of wanting to fall asleep; severe, lasting cases are called excessive daytime sleepiness, affecting 4–20% of the population.

SONABRE study

SONABRE study: SOutheast Netherlands Advanced BREast cancer Registry (NCT03577197), an observational cohort of advanced breast cancer patients since 2007 in 11 Dutch hospitals, known for real-world receptor discordance and survival time-trend studies.

Sonesitatug vedotin

Sonesitatug vedotin (AZD0901, CMG901, Sone-Ve) is a CLDN18.2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate pairing a humanized IgG1 antibody with MMAE via a cleavable linker; developed by Keymed/Lepu, licensed to AstraZeneca, with positive 2026 Phase III gastric cancer results.

Sonidegib

Sonidegib, sold as Odomzo, is an oral Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, approved in the United States in 2015 for locally advanced basal cell carcinoma not treatable by surgery or radiation.

Oct 20, 2026

Sonlicromanol

Sonlicromanol (KH176) is Khondrion's investigational redox-modulating small molecule, inhibiting mPGES-1 via metabolite KH176m, in phase 3 KHENERFIN trials for m.3243A>G mitochondrial disease (MELAS, MIDD), not approved anywhere.

Sonodynamic therapy

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an experimental cancer treatment in which ultrasound activates administered sonosensitizer drugs to generate reactive oxygen species that kill tumor cells, potentially reaching deep tumors.

Sonoelastography

Sonoelastography is an ultrasound imaging method that assesses tissue stiffness, used to characterize tumors and stage fibrosis in organs such as the liver, breast, and thyroid.

Sonohysterography

Sonohysterography, also called saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) or hysterosonography, is an ultrasound technique in which sterile saline is infused into the uterine cavity to detect polyps, fibroids, and adhesions.

Sonrotoclax

Sonrotoclax (BGB-11417, Beqalzi) is BeOne Medicines' oral Bcl-2 inhibitor, FDA accelerated approval May 2026 for relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma after BTK inhibitor therapy; ORR 52%.

Sophoridine hydrochloride

Sophoridine hydrochloride (盐酸槐定碱) is a quinolizidine alkaloid isolated from Sophora alopecuroides, approved in China in 2005 as an injectable anticancer drug for gastric, lung, and liver cancers.

Sorafenib

Sorafenib (Nexavar, BAY 43-9006) is Bayer and Onyx's first oral multikinase Raf inhibitor, FDA-approved in 2005 for advanced renal cell carcinoma and later for unresectable HCC and iodine-refractory thyroid cancer.

Sorafenib regimen

The sorafenib regimen is an oral cancer treatment taking 400 mg of sorafenib (Nexavar) twice daily, approved for advanced liver, kidney, and radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancers.

Sorbinil

Sorbinil, a Pfizer aldose reductase inhibitor (hydantoin class) for diabetic complications; first ARI in clinical trials, failed efficacy in the Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial, withdrawn for hypersensitivity.

Sore throat

Pain in throat (sore throat, ICD-11 MD36.0; pharyngitis) is pain or scratchiness in the throat, usually viral, sometimes group A streptococcal, typically self-resolving within a week.

Sorivudine

Sorivudine, also known as BV-araU or Bravavir, is an antiviral drug for herpes zoster that was withdrawn after fatal interactions with 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in Japan in 1993.

Sorption Detoxification

Sorption detoxification, or hemoperfusion (hemoadsorption), removes toxins by passing blood over charcoal, resin, or polymer adsorbents; used for poisoning, uremic toxins, liver failure, and sepsis, complementing rather than replacing dialysis.

Sorsby fundus dystrophy

Sorsby fundus dystrophy (Sorsby macular dystrophy, SFD) is a rare autosomal dominant retinal disease caused by TIMP3 mutations, causing macular atrophy and choroidal neovascularization with central vision loss from the fourth to fifth decade; anti-VEGF therapy helps if given early.

Oct 22, 2026

SORT lipid nanoparticles for gastrointestinal delivery

SORT lipid nanoparticles for gastrointestinal delivery use an added fifth lipid to direct mRNA delivery to the stomach, pancreas, and colon instead of the liver.

SOS trial (NCT01479452)

SOS trial (NCT01479452), Swedish Obese Subjects study: prospective matched nonrandomized trial of bariatric surgery vs usual care in 4,047 obese adults enrolled 1987–2001, showing reduced mortality (HR 0.71), diabetes incidence, and cancer in women.

Sosimerasib

Sosimerasib, sold as Jilemei, is an oral small-molecule KRAS G12C inhibitor developed in China and conditionally approved in February 2026 for previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Sotagliflozin

Sotagliflozin, sold as INPEFA, is an oral drug inhibiting both SGLT2 and SGLT1, approved in the US in 2023 to lower cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization risk in adults.

Sotalol

Sotalol (Betapace, Sotylize) is a racemic Class II/III antiarrhythmic, beta-blocker and I_Kr blocker approved in the US in 1992 for ventricular arrhythmias and AF rhythm control, with QT-prolongation and torsades risk requiring monitored initiation.

Sotatercept

Sotatercept (Winrevair, ACE-011) is a first-in-class activin signaling inhibitor, a fusion protein approved in the United States in March 2024 to improve exercise capacity in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Sothaghna lepa

Sothaghna lepa (Śothaghna/Doṣaghna Lepa), an official Ayurvedic Formulary of India topical paste (Part I, 11:10) of five drugs including Boerhavia diffusa and Moringa oleifera, applied externally to relieve inflammation (shotha).

Oct 20, 2026

Soticlestat

Soticlestat (TAK-935, OV935) is an investigational cholesterol 24-hydroxylase inhibitor for Dravet syndrome and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome whose phase 3 trials missed their endpoints, and Takeda discontinued it in January 2025.

Sotorasib

Sotorasib (Lumakras/Lumykras, AMG 510) is Amgen's oral, covalent KRAS G12C inhibitor; FDA-accelerated approved May 2021 for previously treated KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC, first KRAS G12C targeted therapy, with a 2025 combination indication with panitumumab in colorectal cancer.

Sound localization

Sound localization: identifying a sound's direction and distance using interaural time and level differences plus pinna spectral (HRTF) cues; duplex theory, precedence effect, hearing-device limits, and animal comparisons.

Source imaging

Source imaging, or electrophysiological source imaging (ESI), reconstructs 3D maps of brain currents from EEG or MEG with millisecond resolution, used clinically to localize epileptic foci.