25,729 articles
Southern medical journal
Southern Medical Journal (South Med J), the peer-reviewed monthly journal of the Southern Medical Association, published since 1908, MEDLINE-indexed, online-only since 2020, with over 46,000 archived articles.
Southern Medical University
Southern Medical University (南方医科大学), a public medical university in Guangzhou, formerly the PLA First Military Medical University, founded 1951, transferred to Guangdong in 2004; 3rd in ShanghaiRanking 2026 medical universities.
SOVS-CTG study
SOVS-CTG: self-obtained vaginal swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing. Pooled sensitivity 92%, specificity 98% versus clinician-collected cervical swabs; WHO-preferred specimen for asymptomatic women.
Soy protein
Soy protein, also known as soybean proteins, is the protein obtained from soybeans, used in foods like tofu and soymilk, as refined ingredients, and in animal feed.
Spa
Spa: a resort built around a mineral or thermal spring used for bathing, drinking cures, and health treatments; covers Roman thermae, Europe's great spa towns, and balneotherapy evidence.
Spaced repetition
Spaced repetition, also called spaced retrieval or distributed practice, schedules reviews of learned material at increasing time intervals to improve long-term retention. Rooted in Ebbinghaus's 1885 spacing effect, implemented in tools like Anki (SM-2, FSRS algorithms), and validated in large medical education trials.
Spacing effect
Spacing effect (distributed practice, spaced repetition): long-term memory improves when study sessions are separated in time rather than massed. First studied by Ebbinghaus (1885); meta-analyses show moderate effects (d ≈ 0.46–0.85) across classroom, language, math, and medical learning.
SpaCOVID trial
The SpaCOVID trial was a completed randomized clinical trial at Comenius University in Bratislava testing mountain spa rehabilitation, with or without ubiquinol, for post-COVID-19 syndrome.
Spaghett
Spaghett, slang for spaghetti, is long thin durum wheat pasta. Cooked: 221 kcal per cup, low GI (33–41), whole-wheat has 4.2 g fiber per 100 g; diet quality depends on the dish.
Spanish flu
Spanish flu: the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, an H1N1 virus of avian origin, also called the Great Influenza. Infected about 500 million (one-third of humanity); death estimates range from ~17 million to at least 50 million; killed unusually many healthy 20–40-year-olds in three waves.
Spanish flu in Southern Africa
The Spanish flu in Southern Africa reached South Africa in 1918, killing an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 people in six weeks, locally called "Black October".
Sparganosis
Sparganosis, also called plerocercoid infection, is a zoonotic disease from Spirometra tapeworm larvae (spargana) acquired by eating raw frogs or snakes, contaminated water, or poultices; larvae live up to 20 years in humans, most cases occur in East and Southeast Asia, and surgery is the primary treatment.
Sparse-view CT reconstruction
Sparse-view CT reconstruction is a computed tomography method that recovers diagnostic-quality images from far fewer projection angles than a standard scan, reducing radiation dose and acquisition time.
Spartalizumab
Spartalizumab (PDR001) is a Novartis humanized IgG4κ anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, an investigational immune checkpoint inhibitor for cancer; its phase III COMBI-i melanoma trial missed its PFS endpoint and it is not FDA approved.
SPARTAN trial (NCT02605174)
SPARTAN (NCT02605174), a Phase 3 double-blind trial of lasmiditan 50/100/200 mg vs placebo for acute migraine, run 2016-2017 at 125 US, German, and UK sites; met pain-freedom and MBS-freedom endpoints at 2 hours.
Spasm
Spasm: sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscles (also called muscle cramp, charley horse). Distinct from dystonia and spasticity; quinine reduces cramps but is restricted for toxicity, magnesium shows no benefit in older adults.
Spasm of accommodation
Spasm of accommodation (pseudomyopia, ciliary spasm, ICD-11 9D01.2) is excessive ciliary contraction causing sudden apparent myopia that resolves with cycloplegia; causes include close work, stress, and head trauma.
Spasm of conjugate gaze
Spasm of conjugate gaze (conjugate gaze spasm, CGS): sudden involuntary movement of both eyes in the same direction from extraocular muscle spasm; ICD-10-CM H51.0, ICD-11 9C83.1; includes oculogyric crisis.
Spasm of the near reflex
Spasm of the near reflex (SNR), also called convergence or accommodative spasm, is an intermittent triad of convergent strabismus, pseudomyopia, and miosis, first named by Cogan in 1955; mostly functional, treated with cycloplegics and fogging.
Spasmodic dysphonia
Spasmodic dysphonia, or laryngeal dystonia, is a rare focal dystonia causing involuntary laryngeal muscle spasms, voice breaks, and strained or breathy speech, treated mainly with botulinum toxin injections.
Spasmodic torticollis
Spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia): the most common adult-onset focal dystonia, causing involuntary head turning, tilting, and tremor. Treated mainly with botulinum toxin; features geste antagoniste sensory tricks and prominent pain.
Spasmus nutans
Spasmus nutans, a rare benign infantile eye-movement disorder with the triad of asymmetric pendular nystagmus, head nodding, and torticollis; onset 4-12 months, spontaneous remission, but mimicked by optic pathway glioma.
Spastic bilateral cerebral palsy
Spastic bilateral cerebral palsy (ICD-11 8D20.1; SCPE bilateral spastic CP, formerly diplegia/quadriplegia) is spasticity affecting both body sides, about 60% of CP cases, with variable walking ability, gait scissoring, and rehabilitation evidence.
Spastic cerebral palsy
Spastic cerebral palsy, the most common CP type at about 80% of cases, features increased muscle tone with diplegic, hemiplegic, and quadriplegic subtypes; treated with botulinum toxin A, therapy, and selective dorsal rhizotomy.
Spastic diplegia
Spastic diplegia, also called Little's disease or bilateral spastic cerebral palsy, is the most common cerebral palsy subtype, with leg spasticity exceeding arm involvement; treated with SDR, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation.
Spastic hemiplegia
Spastic hemiplegia (ICD-11 MB53.2, ICD-10 G81.1) is one-sided paralysis with involuntary contractions and increased muscle tone, seen as unilateral spastic cerebral palsy in children and post-stroke hemiparesis in adults, affecting the arm more than the leg.
Spastic paraplegia type 2
Spastic paraplegia type 2 (SPG2, X-linked spastic paraplegia 2) is a rare X-linked recessive leukodystrophy caused by PLP1 mutations, allelic with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, causing childhood-onset spastic gait, autonomic dysfunction, and hypomyelination.
Spastic paraplegia type 7
Spastic paraplegia type 7 (SPG7) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by SPG7 gene variants encoding mitochondrial paraplegin, with adult-onset leg spasticity, ataxia, and optic atrophy.
Spastic paraplegia-intellectual disability-nystagmus-obesity syndrome
SINO syndrome (spastic paraplegia-intellectual disability-nystagmus-obesity syndrome, ORPHA:521390, OMIM 617296) is a rare autosomal dominant KIDINS220-related neurodevelopmental disorder with congenital spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity.
Spastic paraplegia-optic atrophy-neuropathy syndrome
SPOAN syndrome (spastic paraplegia-optic atrophy-neuropathy syndrome, OMIM 609541) is an autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by a 216-bp non-coding deletion upregulating KLC2 on 11q13, concentrated in northeastern Brazil, with congenital optic atrophy, infancy-onset spastic paraplegia, and axonal neuropathy.