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Tinnitus retraining therapy
Tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) is a clinical treatment for tinnitus and decreased sound tolerance combining directive counseling with low-level sound therapy, aiming to habituate patients rather than mask the sound.
Tinoridine
Tinoridine (Y-3642) is a thienopyridine non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug developed by Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical, inhibiting COX enzymes and also scavenging hydroxyl radicals; half-life about 8.2 hours orally.
Tinzaparin sodium
Tinzaparin sodium (Innohep) is a porcine low-molecular-weight heparin made by heparinase depolymerization, mean MW about 6,500 Da, dosed 175 anti-Xa IU/kg once daily for DVT, PE, cancer-associated VTE, and hemodialysis circuits; FDA approved 2000.
Tioconazole
Tioconazole, marketed as Vagistat-1 in the United States and Trosyd elsewhere, is an imidazole antifungal drug used topically for vaginal yeast infections and fungal nail infections.
Tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva, Braltus) is a once-daily inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonist bronchodilator, FDA-approved 2004 for COPD and later as asthma add-on, with kinetic selectivity for M1/M3 receptors.
Tipifarnib
Tipifarnib (R115777, Zarnestra), an oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor and the first FTI in clinical trials; never FDA approved, failed phase III AML, now developed for HRAS-mutant HNSCC.
Tipiracil
Tipiracil is a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (C9H11ClN4O2) combined with trifluridine as Lonsurf (TAS-102), an oral drug for previously treated metastatic colorectal and gastric cancers.
Tipranavir
Tipranavir (PNU 140690, Aptivus) is a second-generation non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitor, a sulfonamide dihydropyrone approved in 2005 for treatment-experienced, PI-resistant patients, dosed 500 mg with ritonavir 200 mg twice daily.
Tiragolumab
Tiragolumab (MTIG7192A, RG6058) is Roche's fully human anti-TIGIT IgG1 monoclonal antibody, given 600 mg every 3 weeks with atezolizumab; phase III lung cancer trials failed, but SKYSCRAPER-08 succeeded in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Tirapazamine
Tirapazamine (TPZ, SR 4233, WIN 59075) is an investigational hypoxia-activated prodrug, first reported 1986, that kills oxygen-poor tumor cells via reductase-generated DNA-damaging radicals; its phase III HeadSTART trial showed no survival benefit and it was never FDA-approved.
Tirasemtiv
Tirasemtiv (CK-2017357), a Cytokinetics fast skeletal muscle troponin activator for ALS, slowed vital capacity and strength decline in phase IIb but failed its phase III VITALITY-ALS primary endpoint; development suspended 2017.
Tiratricol
Tiratricol (Triac, Emcitate), a T3 thyroid hormone analogue that enters cells without the MCT8 transporter; first approved treatment for peripheral thyrotoxicosis in MCT8 deficiency (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome), EU 2025, US 2026.
Tirbanibulin
Tirbanibulin (Klisyri, formerly KX2-391) is a topical microtubule and Src kinase inhibitor ointment applied once daily for 5 days to treat actinic keratosis of the face or scalp, FDA-approved December 2020.
Tirilazad
Tirilazad (U-74006F, Freedox), an Upjohn 21-aminosteroid lazaroid lipid peroxidation inhibitor tested for TBI, stroke, and SAH; strong animal data but failed clinical trials and never approved.
Tiropramide
Tiropramide (CR 605, ATC A03AC05) is a racemic tyrosine-derivative antispasmodic that relaxes smooth muscle by raising cAMP and shifting calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum; used for abdominal spasm and IBS, non-inferior to octylonium.
Tirzepatide
Tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) is Eli Lilly's once-weekly dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist injectable approved in 2022 for type 2 diabetes and later for obesity and obstructive sleep apnea, producing about 20% weight loss in head-to-head trials versus semaglutide's 13.7%.
Tisagenlecleucel
Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah), Novartis's anti-CD19 autologous CAR T-cell therapy, was the first FDA-approved CAR T and gene therapy (August 30, 2017) for relapsed/refractory B-cell ALL up to age 25 and later lymphomas; REMS eliminated 2025.
Tislelizumab
Tislelizumab, sold as Tevimbra, is a humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks the PD-1 receptor to treat advanced cancers, developed by BeiGene and first approved in China in 2019.
Tisopurine
Tisopurine (thiopurinol, Exuracid, NSC-1392), C5H4N4S, CAS 5334-23-6, ATC M04AA02, is the 4-thio analog of allopurinol, an approved antigout drug that lowers uric acid by interfering with early urate synthesis rather than xanthine oxidase inhibition.
Tisotumab vedotin
Tisotumab vedotin (Tivdak, tisotumab vedotin-tftv) is a tissue factor-directed antibody-drug conjugate with an MMAE payload, FDA-approved (accelerated 2021, full 2024) for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer after chemotherapy; boxed warning for ocular toxicity.
Tissue Adhesives
Tissue adhesives (skin glues, cyanoacrylates such as Dermabond, fibrin sealants) are polymerizing medical materials that close wounds or seal tissue without sutures; evidence shows similar infection rates but higher dehiscence risk than sutures.
Tissue Distribution
Tissue distribution (MeSH D014018): accumulation of a drug or chemical in body organs, expressed as tissue-to-plasma ratios; governed by perfusion, membrane permeability, protein binding, and barriers like the blood-brain barrier.
Tissue Doppler echocardiography
Tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDI, Doppler tissue imaging) measures myocardial velocities from high-amplitude, low-velocity ultrasound signals, introduced by Isaaz and McDicken/Sutherland around 1989-1990s; yields e′, a′, s′, strain rate; angle-dependent, superseded by speckle tracking for strain.
Tissue embedding
Tissue embedding is the histology step in which fixed tissue is infiltrated with a support medium such as paraffin wax, OCT, or resin so thin sections can be cut for microscopy.
Tissue expansion
Tissue expansion is a surgical technique in which an implanted balloon is gradually inflated to stretch nearby skin, generating matched tissue for reconstruction, most often for burns and breast reconstruction.
Tissue Expansion Devices
Tissue expansion devices are medical devices that stretch tissue to stimulate new growth for surgical reconstruction, commonly inflatable silicone reservoirs implanted and gradually inflated with saline.
Tissue microarray
A tissue microarray (TMA) is a paraffin block holding hundreds of small tissue cores from donor specimens, allowing parallel analysis of many molecular markers across hundreds of tumors.
Tissue oximetry
Tissue oximetry is a noninvasive optical technique that measures oxygen saturation within tissue. It utilizes near-infrared spectroscopy to reflect the balance of oxygen supply and demand at the bedside.
Tissue Preservation
Tissue preservation keeps cells and tissues viable or intact outside the body using hypothermic storage, slow freezing, vitrification, or fixation; clinical organ storage uses 0–4°C solutions, while long-term banking relies on cryopreservation at −80 to −196°C.
Tissue processing
Tissue processing, also called tissue preparation, is the laboratory sequence of dehydration, clearing, and paraffin infiltration that converts fixed tissue into a block for sectioning.