Human health and medicine

Toner (skin care)

Toner (skin care): water-based liquid applied after cleansing, before serum or moisturizer. Modern types are hydrating, exfoliating (AHA/BHA), or soothing; dermatologists consider it optional, unlike the old alcohol-based astringents.

Tongji Hospital

Tongji Hospital (华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院), Wuhan, founded 1900 in Shanghai by Erich Paulun, moved 1955; HUST teaching hospital with 5,613 beds, 43 national key specialties, fourth in CAMS STEM 2023; distinct from Shanghai's Tongji University hospital.

Tongluo Mingmu Capsules

Tongluo Mingmu Capsules (通络明目胶囊, formerly Qihuang Mingmu Capsules) is a class 1.1 innovative Chinese patent medicine by Yiling Pharmaceutical, NMPA-approved October 2023 for moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy from type 2 diabetes with blood stasis and qi-yin deficiency patterns.

Tongmai Sini Tang

通脉四逆汤 (Tongmai Sini Decoction), a classical formula from Zhang Zhongjing's Shanghan Lun of raw aconite, dried ginger, and fried licorice in doubled doses, for yin-repelled-yang collapse with faint pulse; now studied for cardiovascular disease.

Tongqiao Huoxue Tang

通窍活血汤 (Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction) is a Qing dynasty Chinese medicine blood-stasis-resolving formula from Wang Qingren's Yilin Gaicuo (1830), made of red peony, lovage, peach kernel, safflower, musk, and yellow wine, used for head-and-face stasis disorders and studied in migraine and stroke.

Tongren Hospital

Tongren Hospital (上海市同仁医院, St. Luke's Hospital), founded 1866 in Shanghai, is a Class A tertiary general hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, serving 1.5 million people in Changning and the Hongqiao area.

Tongue

Tongue: muscular oral organ for chewing, swallowing, speech, and breathing; bears papillae with taste buds detecting five tastes; hypoglossal motor innervation; the regional tongue taste map is a myth.

Tongue reconstruction

Tongue reconstruction rebuilds the tongue after tumor resection or trauma, usually with a free flap connected to neck vessels, with flap success rates of 94 to 96%.

Tonometry

Tonometry is the clinical measurement of intraocular pressure, the fluid pressure inside the eye, used to diagnose ocular hypertension and track the pressure reductions that stop glaucoma progression.

Tonsil

Tonsil: lymphoid tissue of Waldeyer's ring (palatine, adenoid, tubal, lingual tonsils) guarding the pharynx; prone to tonsillitis, treated by tonsillectomy with modest proven benefit.

Tonsil stones

Tonsil stones (tonsilloliths) are small calcified biofilm lumps forming in tonsillar crypts, made of calcium, debris, and bacteria. Main symptom is halitosis; CT studies find them in about 25-40% of patients.

Tonsillectomy

Tonsillectomy is surgery to remove the palatine tonsils, done under general anesthesia through the mouth, mainly for recurrent tonsillitis or sleep-disordered breathing; recovery takes about two weeks.

Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis, infection of the palatine tonsils, usually viral or group A strep; self-limiting in about a week, treated with self-care, penicillin for strep, and rarely tonsillectomy for recurrent severe cases.

Tony Horton (personal trainer)

Tony Horton, American personal trainer and creator of the 2005 P90X (Power 90 Extreme) home workout program, sold over 3.5 million copies; founder of Power Nation Fitness and the Power of 4 program.

Tooth

Tooth: hard mineralized oral organ made of enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp; develops via odontogenesis, cannot regenerate enamel, and is protected against cavities by fluoride and sealants.

Tooth decay

Tooth decay (dental caries, cavities): a biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven disease in which plaque bacteria acids demineralize teeth. Most prevalent condition globally; 2.26 billion untreated permanent-teeth cases in 2023; managed with fluoride, sealants, SDF, and restorations.

Tooth Eruption

Tooth eruption: movement of teeth from alveolar bone to functional position in the mouth. Primary teeth erupt 4–10 months after birth; dental follicle and PTHrP signaling drive the process; teething symptoms affect about 70–80% of infants.

Tooth Movement Techniques

Tooth movement techniques (orthodontic tooth movement, OTM) are orthodontic methods for correcting tooth malposition using fixed appliances, clear aligners, and TADs, governed by PDL bone remodeling, force parameters, and root resorption risk.

Tooth preparation

Tooth preparation is the restorative dentistry procedure in which tooth structure is shaped and reduced to receive a restoration such as a crown, veneer, inlay, or bridge.

Oct 20, 2026

Tooth Remineralization

Tooth remineralization is the return of calcium and phosphate minerals to demineralized enamel or dentin, reversing early non-cavitated caries. Fluoride is the benchmark agent; nanohydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and CPP-ACP are emerging alternatives.

Tooth replantation

Tooth replantation is the reinsertion of a tooth into its socket after traumatic avulsion or deliberate extraction, with success depending on dry time and storage medium.

Tooth whitening

Tooth whitening (dental bleaching) lightens natural teeth using hydrogen or carbamide peroxide via in-office, at-home tray, or OTC products; sensitivity is the main side effect, and light activation adds little benefit.

Toothache

Toothache: pain in or around a tooth, mostly odontogenic (decay, pulpitis, abscess) but sometimes referred from sinus, cardiac, or neuromuscular sources; NSAIDs first-line, antibiotics rarely indicated.

Toothbrushing

Toothbrushing, also called teeth brushing, is the act of cleaning teeth with a brush to remove plaque and prevent decay; recommended two minutes twice daily with fluoride toothpaste, soft bristles, manual, or powered.

Toothpaste

Toothpaste, or dentifrice, is a paste or gel used with a toothbrush for oral health; fluoride toothpaste (sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, monofluorophosphate) prevents cavities, with abrasives, detergents, and humectants in modern 20-plus-ingredient formulas.

Top surgery

Top surgery is a gender-affirming operation that removes or augments breast tissue and reshapes the nipples and chest wall, masculinizing or feminizing the chest for transgender and nonbinary patients.

TOPAZ trial (NCT07734792)

TOPAZ (NCT07734792) is a phase 2/3 randomized trial testing early tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/GIP agonist, in 726 thrombectomy-treated acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion across China; primary endpoint mRS 0-1 at 90 days.

TOPCAT trial

TOPCAT (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist) was an NHLBI-funded trial of spironolactone in HFpEF: 3,445 patients, neutral primary endpoint (HR 0.89), reduced HF hospitalization, and marked Russia/Georgia regional heterogeneity.

Tophaceous gout

Tophaceous gout, also called chronic tophaceous gouty arthropathy, is advanced gout with tophi, urate crystal deposits in tissues; treated with treat-to-target urate-lowering therapy, lower urate targets, and pegloticase for refractory tophi.