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Total intravenous anesthesia
Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is a general anesthetic technique in which anesthesia is induced and maintained entirely with intravenous drugs, conventionally propofol with remifentanil, without any inhalational agent.
Total iron-binding capacity
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) is a blood test measuring how much iron serum proteins, mainly transferrin, can bind; high in iron deficiency, low in inflammation, liver disease, or iron overload, interpreted with serum iron and ferritin.
Total laparoscopic hysterectomy
Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) is a minimally invasive operation removing the uterus and cervix entirely with laparoscopic instruments through small abdominal incisions, first performed in 1988 by Harry Reich.
Total Lung Capacity
Total lung capacity (TLC) is the lung gas volume at maximal inspiration, about 6 liters in healthy adults. Measured by plethysmography, gas dilution, or CT; reduced TLC defines restriction, elevated TLC indicates hyperinflation in COPD.
Total lymphoid irradiation
Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) is a radiation therapy technique delivering small, fractionated doses to the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, originally developed for Hodgkin's disease and now used rarely in transplant conditioning.
Total marrow and lymphoid irradiation
Total marrow and lymphoid irradiation (TMLI) is a targeted radiation therapy used before stem cell transplantation, irradiating bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes while sparing other organs.
Total marrow irradiation
Total marrow irradiation (TMI) is an intensity-modulated radiation therapy technique that targets the entire skeleton while sparing organs, developed as an alternative to total body irradiation for conditioning before stem cell transplantation.
Total mastectomy
Total mastectomy, also called simple mastectomy, is an operation removing the entire breast, including the nipple, areola, and skin, while leaving the axillary lymph nodes and chest muscles in place.
Total mesorectal excision
Total mesorectal excision is an operation for rectal cancer that removes the rectum with its surrounding envelope of fat and lymphatics, the mesorectum, first reported by R. J. Heald in 1986.
Total neoadjuvant therapy
Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is a cancer treatment strategy delivering radiation and full-dose chemotherapy before surgery, developed for locally advanced rectal cancer and recommended by 2024 NCCN guidelines.
Total pancreatectomy
Total pancreatectomy is an operation that removes all pancreatic tissue, performed mainly for pancreatic tumors and high-risk pancreases; first done successfully in 1942, it causes lifelong diabetes requiring insulin and enzyme replacement.
Total parotidectomy
Total parotidectomy is a head and neck surgical operation that removes the entire parotid gland, both superficial and deep portions, while identifying and preserving the facial nerve.
Total-body PET
Total-body PET is positron emission tomography with a long axial field of view that images the whole adult body in one bed position, cutting radiation dose sharply.
Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery
Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery, or TECAB, is a minimally invasive coronary bypass performed through chest ports with a robot, first performed in 1998 in Paris.
Totally extraperitoneal repair
Totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair is a laparoscopic operation for inguinal hernia in which a large mesh is placed in the preperitoneal space without ever entering the peritoneal cavity.
Touch
Touch (tactile sense, taction): the sensation of physical contact with objects, detected by mechanoreceptors in skin and mucous membranes; includes discriminative and affective (C-tactile) systems, haptics, and the somatosensory homunculus.
Touch starvation
Touch starvation (skin hunger, touch hunger) is the unmet desire for non-sexual physical contact, measured as longing for touch. Affects 72-86% of samples; touch interventions reduce cortisol, pain, depression, anxiety.
Tough adhesive
A tough hydrogel adhesive is a water-rich polymer gel that bonds strongly to wet, moving tissue, introduced by a Harvard-led team in Science in 2017.
Toupée
Toupée (French, from top/tuft): a small hairpiece or partial wig covering a bald spot, once an 18th-century top-knot on a periwig; today a daily-wear alternative to bonded hair systems for hair loss.
Tourette syndrome
Tourette syndrome (Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, maladie des tics) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of multiple motor and vocal tics, onset ages 5-10, prevalence about 0.5%, treated with CBIT and medication, described by Gilles de la Tourette in 1885.
Tourniquet
A tourniquet is a medical device that squeezes a limb to stop blood flow, used in surgery for a bloodless field and in emergencies to control severe bleeding.
Tovorafenib
Tovorafenib (OJEMDA, formerly DAY101/TAK-580/MLN2480) is an oral, CNS-penetrant type II pan-RAF kinase inhibitor approved by FDA in April 2024 for relapsed/refractory pediatric low-grade glioma with BRAF fusion/rearrangement or V600 mutation, dosed once weekly.
Townes-Brocks syndrome
Townes-Brocks syndrome, also called REAR syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder featuring imperforate anus, malformed ears with hearing loss, and thumb malformations, caused by SALL1 gene variants.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN, Lyell syndrome), severe end of the SJS/TEN spectrum, a drug-triggered CD8+ T-cell reaction causing full-thickness epidermal necrosis; managed by immediate drug withdrawal, burn-unit supportive care, and debated immunomodulators.
Toxic megacolon
Toxic megacolon, or megacolon toxicum, is a rare, life-threatening condition in which the inflamed colon dilates acutely, usually complicating ulcerative colitis or C. difficile colitis.
Toxic oil syndrome
Toxic oil syndrome (síndrome del aceite tóxico), 1981 Spanish mass poisoning from aniline-denatured rapeseed oil illegally sold as olive oil; ~20,000 cases, >300 deaths, three-phase course, cause still unidentified.
Toxocariasis
Toxocariasis, also called dog or cat roundworm infection, is a zoonosis caused by Toxocara canis or T. cati larvae acquired from contaminated soil or undercooked meat, causing asymptomatic, visceral, or ocular disease diagnosed by TES-ELISA and treated with albendazole or mebendazole.
Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis
Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis (ocular toxoplasmosis, toxoplasma retinochoroiditis) is recurring Toxoplasma gondii inflammation of retina and choroid, a leading cause of posterior uveitis; antibiotics reduce recurrences but visual benefit is unproven.
Tozadenant
Tozadenant (SYN115) is an oral, selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist developed by Biotie Therapies for Parkinson's disease OFF episodes; effective in phase 2b but discontinued after agranulocytosis deaths in phase 3.
TQC3721
TQC3721 (TQC-3721) is an inhaled dual PDE3/4 inhibitor by Chia Tai Tianqing for COPD; positive PACER-II phase 2 data, phase III underway, licensed to AstraZeneca in 2026.