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Tutthadi lepa
Tutthadi lepa (Tutthādi lepa) is a classical Ayurvedic topical paste whose chief ingredient is purified copper sulphate (tuttha), listed in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India and used externally for wounds, poisonous bites, and skin diseases such as Dadru and psoriasis.
Tuvaraka Taila
Tuvaraka Taila is a classical Ayurvedic medicated oil prepared from tuvaraka (chaulmoogra) seed oil with a khadira decoction, prescribed mainly for skin diseases such as kushtha.
Twelve-step program
Twelve-step program: recovery principles first codified by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA, Big Book, "How It Works"), founded by Bill Wilson and Robert Smith in 1935; adapted by other mutual-help groups and by Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) therapy from Project MATCH.
TWENTE trial
TWENTE trial: Dutch single-center randomized noninferiority trial (NCT01066650) comparing Medtronic Resolute zotarolimus-eluting and Abbott Xience V everolimus-eluting stents in 1,391 real-world PCI patients; similar target vessel failure at 1, 2, and 5 years.
Twilight anesthesia
Twilight anesthesia, also called conscious sedation or twilight sleep, is a colloquial term for moderate sedation/analgesia: relaxed, responsive patients breathing on their own during endoscopy, dental, and minor surgical procedures, per the ASA sedation continuum.
TWILIGHT trial
TWILIGHT (NCT02270242) was a randomized, double-blind trial showing that after 3 months of DAPT, ticagrelor monotherapy reduced bleeding versus ticagrelor plus aspirin after PCI without more ischemic events.
Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence
Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS), a chronic fetofetal transfusion disorder of monochorionic twins causing anemia in one twin and polycythemia in the other without amniotic fluid discordance; occurs spontaneously (3–5%) or after laser surgery for TTTS (2–16%), diagnosed by MCA-PSV criteria.
Twin model
The twin model is a study design in genetics and epidemiology that compares identical and fraternal twins to estimate how much genes and environment shape traits and disease risk.
Twin Pregnancy (concept)
Twin pregnancy, a multiple pregnancy carrying two fetuses, classified by chorionicity (DCDA, MCDA, MCMA); affects about 1 in 60 pregnancies, with higher preterm birth, TTTS, and growth-restriction risks than singleton pregnancy.
Twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence
Twin-reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence, also called acardiac twinning, is a rare monochorionic twin complication in which a pump twin perfuses a heartless acardiac twin through reversed umbilical artery flow, risking pump twin heart failure; treated by fetal ablation.
Twinrix
Twinrix is a combination vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B given to adults, produced by GlaxoSmithKline and first approved in the United States in 2001.
Two-Dimensional Immunoelectrophoresis
Two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, or crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE, X-IEP), is a gel-based immunoassay in which proteins separated by first-dimension electrophoresis enter an antibody-containing gel at right angles, forming quantifiable precipitation peaks; described by Ressler in 1960 and refined by Laurell.
Two-point discrimination
Two-point discrimination (2PD), from Weber's 1834 method, measures the minimum skin separation at which two blunt contacts feel distinct; thresholds range from 1–2 mm at the tongue tip to 20–30 mm on the hand back, but nonspatial cues inflate performance, prompting the two-point orientation discrimination alternative.
Two-streams hypothesis
Two-streams hypothesis: primate visual cortex model with a ventral "what" stream to temporal cortex for perception and a dorsal "where/how" stream to parietal cortex for action; proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) and Goodale and Milner (1992), now revised toward interacting streams.
TxL-FN study
TxL-FN (TransplantLines Food and Nutrition Biobank and Cohort Study, NCT02811835) is a UMCG observational cohort of 707 renal transplant recipients and 300 donors studying diet, biomarkers, graft failure, and mortality.
TxL-IRI study
TxL-IRI (TransplantLines Insulin Resistance and Inflammation Biobank and Cohort Study, NCT03272854) is an observational UMCG cohort of 606 stable kidney transplant recipients, funded by the Dutch Kidney Foundation, studying insulin resistance, inflammation, mortality, graft failure, and NODAT.
Tylenol (brand)
Tylenol, the acetaminophen pain-relief brand launched by McNeil Laboratories in 1955, owned by Johnson & Johnson from 1959 and Kenvue since 2023, now being acquired by Kimberly-Clark and facing autism-claim litigation.
Tyler Hilinski
Tyler Hilinski, Washington State University quarterback, died by suicide January 16, 2018, in Pullman, Washington, at 21; a Mayo Clinic autopsy found Stage 1 CTE, and his family founded Hilinski's Hope for student-athlete mental health.
Tyloxapol
Tyloxapol (CAS 25301-02-4) is a non-ionic detergent surfactant used as an inhaled mucolytic (Tacholiquin, Alevaire) and as the dispersion component of Exosurf Neonatal, with in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.
Tympanocentesis
Tympanocentesis, also called middle ear tap or tympanic membrane puncture, is needle aspiration of middle ear fluid through the eardrum for culture and drainage, used in refractory, recurrent, or immunocompromised otitis media and for intratympanic drug delivery.
Tympanomastoidectomy
Tympanomastoidectomy is an otolaryngologic operation removing diseased tissue from the middle ear and mastoid air cells, performed mainly for chronic otitis media or cholesteatoma, with canal wall up and down approaches.
Tympanometry
Tympanometry is a clinical test measuring middle ear admittance while ear canal pressure varies, producing a tympanogram used to detect fluid, eustachian tube dysfunction, and eardrum perforation.
Tympanoplasty
Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure that repairs a perforated eardrum and may rebuild the ossicular chain, most often for chronic otitis media, to restore hearing.
Tympanosclerosis
Tympanosclerosis, also called myringosclerosis when limited to the eardrum, is calcified scar plaque formation in the tympanic membrane and middle ear after infection, surgery, or injury, often causing conductive hearing loss treated with tympanoplasty or hearing aids.
Tympanostomy tube
A tympanostomy tube, also called an ear tube or grommet, is a small tube inserted through the eardrum to drain fluid and ventilate the middle ear.
Typbar TCV
Typbar TCV (Typbar-TCV) is Bharat Biotech's Vi-tetanus toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine, first WHO-prequalified TCV (22 December 2017), single 0.5 mL intramuscular dose for ages 6 months to 65 years, with 79–87% efficacy in trials.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease destroying pancreatic beta cells, causing insulin deficiency; treated with lifelong insulin, CGMs, automated delivery, and teplizumab to delay onset.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic disease of insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell failure causing high blood glucose; it accounts for 90-95% of diabetes, is managed with metformin, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 agonists, and is preventable through weight loss and exercise.
Type 2 myocardial infarction
Type 2 myocardial infarction (type 2 MI) is heart muscle death caused by an oxygen supply-demand imbalance without atherothrombosis, usually triggered by sepsis, arrhythmia, or anemia.
Type I hypersensitivity
Type I hypersensitivity, or immediate-type allergy, is the IgE-mediated Gell and Coombs reaction class in which allergen cross-links IgE on mast cells and basophils, releasing histamine; it causes rhinitis, asthma, food and drug allergy, and anaphylaxis.