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Abnormal bowel sounds
Abnormal bowel sounds, also called hypoactive, hyperactive, or absent bowel sounds, are altered intestinal noises on auscultation, linked to obstruction, ileus, and necrosis risk; human assessment is inaccurate while computerized analysis shows promise for IBS.
Abnormal coagulation profile
Abnormal coagulation profile (ICD-11 MA18.3) is a clinical finding of abnormal clotting tests, chiefly prolonged PT/INR, aPTT, low fibrinogen, or abnormal platelet count, reflecting factor deficiencies, inhibitors, liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, DIC, or anticoagulants.
Abnormal findings on neonatal screening
Abnormal findings on neonatal screening (ICD-11 MG71.0) are out-of-range newborn screening results indicating a baby might have a screened condition. They require prompt diagnostic follow-up; most are false positives, with about 12,500 U.S. diagnoses yearly among 4 million screened.
Abnormal gastric motility
Abnormal gastric motility (ICD-11 DA41.0) covers disordered stomach motor function, chiefly gastroparesis: delayed solid-food gastric emptying without obstruction, caused by diabetes, surgery, neurological disease, or drugs; diagnosed by 4-hour scintigraphy.
Abnormal glucose tolerance test
Abnormal glucose tolerance test: an OGTT result above defined thresholds (2-h PG 140–199 mg/dL = IGT, ≥200 mg/dL = diabetes; pregnancy-specific one-step 75-g or two-step 100-g criteria for gestational diabetes).
Abnormal head movements
Abnormal head movements are involuntary movements of the head and neck that occur in neurological conditions such as tremor disorders, dystonia, chorea, tics, and myoclonus, and help distinguish diagnoses like cervical dystonia from essential tremor.
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a 12-item clinician-rated scale scoring the severity of abnormal involuntary movements, chiefly tardive dyskinesia, in patients taking antipsychotic medications.
Abnormal involuntary movements
Abnormal involuntary movements (ICD-11 MB46) are uncontrolled, unintended movements such as tremor, myoclonus, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and hemiballism, coded as nervous-system signs and distinguished from tic disorders and essential tremor.
Abnormal level of blood mineral
Abnormal level of blood mineral, ICD-11 code MA18.1, is a clinical finding of abnormally high or low blood mineral (cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, zinc) levels, excluding neonatal hypomagnesaemia and nutritional mineral deficiency.
Abnormal micturition
Abnormal micturition (異常な排尿), ICD-11 code MF50, groups urinary symptoms of altered voiding: frequency, incontinence subtypes, retention, haematuria, hesitancy, poor stream, urgency, dysuria, and vesical tenesmus, within the urinary symptom block MF50-MF5Y.
Abnormal neuronal migration
Abnormal neuronal migration (ICD-11 LA05.5, neuronal migration disorders): failure of fetal neurons to reach correct cortical positions, causing lissencephaly, heterotopia, polymicrogyria, and cortical dysplasia with epilepsy; key genes LIS1, DCX, FLNA, TUBA1A.
Abnormal origin of right or left pulmonary artery from the aorta
Abnormal origin of right or left pulmonary artery from the aorta (hemitruncus arteriosus, ORPHA:99050) is a rare congenital heart defect where one branch pulmonary artery arises from the aorta; AORPA is 75% of cases, and untreated 1-year survival may be 30%.
Abnormal posturing
Abnormal posturing: decorticate (flexor) and decerebrate (extensor) reflex postures in coma, first described by Sherrington in 1898, scored on the GCS motor scale, indicating severe brain or brainstem injury with poor survival.
Abnormal reflex (disease)
Abnormal reflex (ICD-11 MB47.0), also indexed as hyperreflexia, hyporeflexia, and areflexia, is a neurological sign of exaggerated, diminished, or absent reflexes, graded 0 to 4+, indicating reflex arc or descending pathway lesions.
Abnormal Reflex (procedure)
Abnormal reflex: a neurological examination finding and procedure covering increased, decreased, or absent reflexes (hyperreflexia, hyporeflexia), graded on scales such as Mayo and NINDS, indicating upper or lower motor neuron lesions.
Abnormal serum enzyme levels
Abnormal serum enzyme levels: an ICD-11 Chapter 21 clinical finding of enzyme activity outside reference intervals, chiefly liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), pancreatic amylase and lipase, CK, and AST/LDH, signaling tissue injury or disease.
Abnormal skin pigmentation
Abnormal skin pigmentation (ICD-11 ED64) covers hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation of skin. Key causes: PIH, melasma, drugs, Addison disease, vitiligo (0.5-2% globally); hydroquinone is standard for epidermal hyperpigmentation.
Abnormal sputum
Abnormal sputum (ICD-11 MD10; ICD-10-CM R09.3) is a clinical sign of altered sputum quantity, color, consistency, or odor suggesting respiratory disease, distinguished from blood-stained sputum and hemoptysis.
Abnormalities of breathing
Abnormalities of breathing (呼吸の異常), ICD-11 code MD11 and ICD-10 R06, groups respiratory symptoms such as dyspnoea, stridor, wheezing, hyperventilation, apnoea, and hiccough, excluding respiratory arrest and neonatal distress syndromes.
Abnormalities of heart beat
Abnormalities of heart beat (心拍異常), ICD-11 code MC81 and ICD-10 code R00, is the classification term for arrhythmia: any disorder of heart rate or rhythm, too fast, too slow, or irregular, excluding specified arrhythmias and perinatal disorders.
Abnormality of albumin
Abnormality of albumin (ICD-11 MA19.0): abnormal serum albumin concentration or form. Covers hypoalbuminemia (liver, kidney, inflammation causes), hyperalbuminemia (dehydration), and rare bisalbuminemia; normal range 3.5–5.5 g/dL.
Abnormality of red blood cells
Abnormality of red blood cells (ICD-11 MA16.0): deviations in erythrocyte number, size, shape, color, or content. Detected by CBC, RDW, and peripheral smear; causes include anemia, polycythemia, hemoglobinopathies, membranopathies, and enzymopathies.
ABO blood group system
The ABO blood group system, discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901, classifies human blood into four groups, A, B, AB, and O, based on the A and B antigens on red blood cells.
ABO2203
ABO2203 is Abogen Biosciences' LNP-formulated mRNA encoding a CD19xCD3 T-cell engager for B-cell depletion in autoimmune disease and lymphoma; first-in-human data show B-cell depletion without CRS, and Novartis licensed it worldwide for $575M upfront.
ABOARD study
ABOARD study (NCT06635993): multicenter prospective diagnostic trial testing 68Ga-Pentixafor CXCR4 PET/CT versus adrenal vein sampling for subtyping primary aldosteronism with autonomous cortisol secretion; sponsor Qifu Li, started August 2024, recruiting.
Abortifacient
Abortifacient: any substance used to terminate pregnancy, from the Ebers Papyrus (c. 1500 BC) herbal pessaries to the modern mifepristone-misoprostol regimen, FDA-approved through 70 days gestation, plus toxic herbal alternatives like rue and pennyroyal.
Abortion
Abortion: termination of pregnancy before viability (WHO suggests <28 weeks); spontaneous or induced. 121 million unintended pregnancies yearly; nearly half of abortions unsafe; four safe US methods; Dobbs (2022) returned legality to US states.
Abortion in Canada
Abortion in Canada: legal medical procedure since the 1988 R. v. Morgentaler Supreme Court decision struck down Criminal Code section 251; no federal abortion law; medical (Mifegymiso) and surgical abortion insured under provincial plans, with access barriers and federal Sexual and Reproductive Health Fund support.
Abortion in India
Abortion in India is legal under the MTP Act 1971, amended 2021: 20 weeks with one provider, 24 weeks for special categories, no limit for fetal abnormalities; Supreme Court extended equal access to unmarried women in 2022.
Abortion in the Republic of Ireland
Abortion in the Republic of Ireland, also called the Repeal of the Eighth Amendment, has been legal under the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 since January 2019: on request up to 12 weeks, and later only for risk to life, serious health harm, or fatal fetal anomaly.