Lamiid families

Symphytum

Symphytum (comfrey), Boraginaceae genus of about 34-40 perennial herbs native to Europe and W. Asia; knitbone topical remedy for sprains and bruises, but contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids limiting use.

Syringa vulgaris

Syringa vulgaris, the common lilac (Oleaceae), is a deciduous shrub native to the Balkan mountains, with fragrant spring panicles, over 1,600 cultivars, and a breeding history from Lemoine's 1870s French hybrids onward.

Tabebuia

Tabebuia Gomes ex DC. is a genus of 74 accepted Bignoniaceae trees native from Mexico to tropical America; once broadly circumscribed, it was split in 2007 into Tabebuia, Handroanthus, and Roseodendron.

Tabernaemontana divaricata

Tabernaemontana divaricata, crepe jasmine or pinwheel flower, an Apocynaceae shrub native from the Himalayas to Indo-China, cultivated for fragrant pinwheel flowers, containing 66 reported alkaloids, IUCN least concern.

Tabernanthe iboga

Tabernanthe iboga (iboga) is a Central African Apocynaceae shrub, Bwiti sacrament in Gabon, source of ibogaine (~0.3% of root bark), IUCN Least Concern but threatened by overharvesting; Gabon banned wild export in 2019.

Tecoma

Tecoma is a genus of Bignoniaceae shrubs and small trees native to tropical and subtropical America, best known for Tecoma stans (yellow bells), a medicinal and ornamental plant that is invasive in several regions.

Tectona

Tectona (teak genus), Lamiaceae; three Asian tree species, type T. grandis; 2n=36; natural teak forests ~29 Mha, planted 4.35–6.89 Mha; prized durable timber.

Teucrium chamaedrys

Teucrium chamaedrys (wall germander), Lamiaceae subshrub native to Europe to Iran, used in folk medicine and as a slimming remedy; its diterpenoid teucrin A causes documented hepatitis.

Teucrium polium

Teucrium polium (mountain germander), Lamiaceae medicinal plant of the Mediterranean and Middle East, used for diabetes and lipids; documented cause of hepatitis, liver failure, and kidney toxicity.

Teucrium scorodonia

Teucrium scorodonia, known as wood sage or woodland germander, is a perennial subshrub in the mint family native to Europe, Madeira, and Tunisia, despite not being a true sage.

Thevetia

Thevetia (syn. Cascabela in part) is a small Apocynaceae genus native from Mexico to southern tropical America and Cuba, with three accepted species; its best-known member, the yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia, syn. Thevetia peruviana), is a poisonous ornamental containing cardiac glycosides such as thevetin and peruvoside.

Thyme

Thyme (Thymus spp., especially Thymus vulgaris) is a Mediterranean Lamiaceae herb used as a culinary seasoning and herbal medicine; thymol-rich essential oil, EU traditional-use status for productive cough, about 220 species.

Thymus pulegioides

Thymus pulegioides (large thyme, lemon thyme) is a European Lamiaceae subshrub of section Serpyllum, subsection Alternantes, chemically polymorphic with carvacrol, thymol, geraniol, and linalool chemotypes, used in traditional medicine.

Thymus serpyllum

Thymus serpyllum L. (wild thyme, breckland thyme, creeping thyme) is a mat-forming Lamiaceae subshrub native from Europe to western Siberia, used since antiquity for its thymol- and carvacrol-bearing essential oil and in traditional respiratory and gastrointestinal medicine.

Thymus vulgaris

Thymus vulgaris (common thyme, garden thyme) is a Mediterranean Lamiaceae subshrub used as a culinary herb and medicinal plant; six chemotypes, thymol-rich essential oil, EMA and European Pharmacopoeia monographs.

Trachelospermum jasminoides

Trachelospermum jasminoides (络石, teikakazura), star jasmine or confederate jasmine, is an evergreen Apocynaceae liana native from Japan to Vietnam, grown for fragrant white flowers and used in Chinese medicine as caulis trachelospermi.

Uncaria

Uncaria (gouteng, cat's claw) is a pantropical genus of about 38 climbing Rubiaceae lianas with claw-like hooks, rich in indole alkaloids and widely used in traditional medicine.

Uncaria gambir

Uncaria gambir (gambier, pale catechu) is a climbing Rubiaceae shrub native to western Malesia, cultivated in Indonesia and Malaysia; its leaf-and-twig extract is used for betel chewing, tanning, and traditional medicine.

Utricularia

Utricularia (bladderworts), largest carnivorous plant genus with 288 accepted species in Lentibulariaceae; rootless plants with millisecond suction bladder traps, cosmopolitan distribution, and dynamic 60-1500 Mb genomes.

Vaccinium macrocarpon

Vaccinium macrocarpon, American or large cranberry, Oxycoccus macrocarpus, a diploid Ericaceae vine native to eastern North American bogs, domesticated from 1810, USDA breeding from 1929, Wisconsin grows about 60 percent of the U.S. crop.

Verbascum thapsus

Verbascum thapsus, common or great mullein, woolly mullein, aaron's-rod: a biennial Scrophulariaceae herb native from Europe to the Himalaya, naturalized across North America and Japan, with fuzzy rosette leaves and tall yellow flower spikes.

Verbena

Verbena (vervain) is a Verbenaceae genus of about 250-350 species, mostly American, established by Linnaeus in 1753 with type V. officinalis; includes medicinal common vervain and ornamental tall verbena V. bonariensis.

Veronica

Veronica (speedwell) is a genus of about 450 species of herbs and shrubs in Plantaginaceae, order Lamiales, cosmopolitan mainly in temperate Northern Hemisphere regions, with four-lobed corollas, two stamens, and iridoid glucoside chemistry.

Vinca

Vinca (periwinkle) is a genus of seven Apocynaceae groundcover species native to Europe to Central Asia, including V. major and V. minor, invasive in North America; distinct from Catharanthus roseus, source of vinca alkaloids.

Vinca minor

Vinca minor, lesser or common periwinkle, is an evergreen Apocynaceae ground cover native to Europe and the Caucasus, spreading by stolons, rarely by seed, producing vincamine, and invasive in parts of North America.

Vitex

Vitex (chaste tree genus) is a genus of about 250 species of trees and shrubs in Lamiaceae, pantropical and warm temperate, with palmate compound leaves and drupaceous fruits; type species Vitex agnus-castus, used for timber and herbal medicine.

Vitex agnus-castus

Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree, chasteberry, monk's pepper) is a Lamiaceae shrub of the Mediterranean to Central Asia whose dried fruit (agni casti fructus) is an EU-approved herbal medicine for premenstrual syndrome, acting via dopaminergic prolactin reduction.

Vitex negundo

Vitex negundo (huang jing, nirgundi, lagundi) is an Asian Lamiaceae shrub used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine; 120 compounds isolated, and Philippine lagundi leaf preparations are FDA-approved for cough and asthma.