Lamiid families

Salvia miltiorrhiza

Salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen, 丹参), red sage, a Lamiaceae perennial native to China and Vietnam whose dried root is a major traditional Chinese medicine for cardiovascular disease, containing tanshinones and salvianolic acids.

Salvia pratensis

Salvia pratensis, known as meadow clary or meadow sage, is a perennial herb of the mint family native to Europe and known for its staminal lever mechanism.

Salvia sclarea

Salvia sclarea (clary sage), Lamiaceae herb native Mediterranean to W. Himalaya; essential oil rich in linalyl acetate and linalool; sclareol yields Ambroxide fixative; antimicrobial, anthelmintic uses.

Salvia yangii

Salvia yangii, commonly known as Russian sage, is a deciduous subshrub of the mint family, native from Afghanistan to western China and grown for its blue flowers.

Satureja

Satureja (savory) is a Lamiaceae genus of aromatic Mediterranean-to-Central-Asian herbs including summer savory (S. hortensis) and winter savory (S. montana), rich in thymol and carvacrol essential oils used culinarily and medicinally.

Scrophularia

Scrophularia (figworts) is a genus of about 250-292 species in Scrophulariaceae, native to temperate Eurasia, Macaronesia, Africa, and North America; S. ningpoensis (Xuanshen) is a major traditional Chinese medicine root rich in iridoids.

Scrophulariaceae

Scrophulariaceae, the figwort family (Lamiales), once the order's largest family with over 5,000 species, was found polyphyletic in 1995; its genera now span seven families, leaving 59 genera and about 1,880 species.

Scutellaria baicalensis

Scutellaria baicalensis (Huangqin, Chinese or Baikal skullcap), a Lamiaceae perennial herb of Siberia to Vietnam; its dried root, rich in baicalin and baicalein, is a major traditional Chinese medicine with limited human clinical evidence.

Sesame

Sesame (Sesamum indicum, syn. S. orientale), an annual Pedaliaceae oilseed domesticated in India, grown for seeds with 45–60% rancidity-resistant oil rich in sesamin lignans; Sudan leads production.

Sesamum

Sesamum is a genus of about 31 Pedaliaceae herbs native from tropical Africa and Asia to Australia; its type species Sesamum indicum is sesame, the ancient oilseed crop with 45-60% seed oil.

Sideritis

Sideritis (ironwort, Greek mountain tea, τσάι του βουνού) is a Lamiaceae genus of 148 species from Europe to China; four species hold an EU traditional herbal monograph for cough, cold, and mild gastrointestinal complaints.

Solanaceae

Solanaceae, the nightshade family (nightshades), is a Solanales plant family of 103 genera and about 3,000 species, most diverse in the Neotropics; it includes potato, tomato, pepper, tobacco, and Petunia, with almost half its species in Solanum.

Solanales

Solanales, an order of lamiid flowering plants with five families (Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae, Hydroleaceae, Montiniaceae, Sphenocleaceae), about 165 genera and 3,945 species, including potato, tomato, eggplant, and morning glories.

Solanine

Solanine (α-solanine, CAS 20562-02-1) is a toxic steroidal glycoalkaloid of nightshade plants, mainly potatoes, with a solanidine aglycone; acute LOAEL 1 mg/kg body weight, heat-stable, concentrated in peel, sprouts, and green tissue.

Solanum

Solanum (nightshades) is the largest genus of Solanaceae, about 1,200-1,400 species, cosmopolitan, originating in South America; includes potato, tomato, and eggplant, divided into 13 clades.

Solanum aethiopicum

Solanum aethiopicum, African or scarlet eggplant, garden eggs, bitter tomato: a Solanaceae cultigen domesticated in northeast Africa from Solanum anguivi, with Gilo, Shum, Kumba, and Aculeatum cultivar groups, grown across sub-Saharan Africa for fruits and leaves.

Solanum aviculare

Solanum aviculare (poroporo, kangaroo apple) is a diploid (2n=46) Solanum shrub native to New Zealand, eastern Australia, and New Guinea, with mauve flowers and orange berries, cultivated for solasodine steroid precursors and distinct from the tetraploid S. laciniatum.

Solanum dulcamara

Solanum dulcamara, bittersweet or woody nightshade, a toxic Solanaceae vine native to Eurasia and North Africa, invasive in North America, with red glycoalkaloid berries and EU-approved stem preparations for mild eczema.

Solanum nigrum

Solanum nigrum (black nightshade) is a hexaploid Solanaceae herb native from Europe to temperate East Asia and tropical Africa, with white flowers, dull black berries, solanine glycoalkaloids, and long use in TCM and as cooked food.

Solanum sessiliflorum

Solanum sessiliflorum, cocona, cubiu, topiro, Orinoco apple, or peach tomato: an Amazonian Solanaceae fruit crop native to western Amazonia, grown at 200–1000 m, rich in vitamin C, iron, and bioactive flavonoids, used for juices, jams, and medicine.

Solanum torvum

Solanum torvum, turkey berry, devil's fig, pea eggplant: a prickly Solanaceae shrub native from Mexico to South America and the Caribbean, naturalized pantropically, grown for small edible berries, traditional medicine, and eggplant rootstock.

Spearmint

Spearmint (Mentha spicata), also called garden mint, is a strongly aromatic perennial herb grown worldwide as a culinary herb and source of carvone-rich essential oil.

Spermacoce alata

Spermacoce alata Aubl. (syn. Borreria alata, S. latifolia), broadleaf buttonweed, a Rubiaceae herb native from Colombia to northern South America and W. Brazil, naturalized weed and medicinal plant in Asia, Africa, and Oceania.

Stachys

Stachys (woundwort) is a large cosmopolitan genus of Lamiaceae herbs, about 300-450 species centered in the Mediterranean and Turkey, with two-lipped flowers, debated Betonica taxonomy, and medicinal herbal-tea uses.

Streptocarpus

Streptocarpus (Cape primrose), genus of ~160 African and Madagascan herbs in Gesneriaceae, type species S. rexii (1828); since 2015 includes African violets (Saintpaulia), with twisted capsules and major horticultural importance.

Streptocarpus ionanthus

Streptocarpus ionanthus, the African violet (formerly Saintpaulia ionantha), is a lithophytic Gesneriaceae herb native to Kenya and Tanzania, divided into nine subspecies, widely cultivated as an ornamental houseplant.

Striga hermonthica

Striga hermonthica (purple witchweed), Orobanchaceae hemiparasitic annual weed native to Africa, parasitizes maize, sorghum, and millets via strigolactone-triggered germination and haustoria, causing 30–80% cereal yield losses across sub-Saharan Africa.