3,306 articles
Gossypium
Gossypium (cotton genus), Malvaceae tribe Gossypieae; 20–50 tropical species, four independently domesticated; G. hirsutum and G. barbadense supply ~98% of world cotton fiber.
Gossypium arboreum
Gossypium arboreum (tree cotton, Desi cotton), A2-genome diploid cotton native to India and Sri Lanka, domesticated in the Indus Valley before 6000 BC; genome 1,746 Mb, short 1.3–1.5 cm fibers, independently domesticated from G. herbaceum.
Gossypium barbadense
Gossypium barbadense, Sea Island, Egyptian, or Pima cotton, is a South American shrub domesticated near Guayaquil about 8,000 years ago, grown for extra-long-staple fiber longer, finer, and stronger than Upland cotton but lower yielding.
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutum, upland cotton, is the tetraploid species behind over 90% of world cotton, domesticated about 5,500 years ago on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula from wild perennial ancestors.
Grain
Grain: edible seed of cereal grasses (wheat, rice, maize, barley, sorghum, oats, millet, rye), a caryopsis fruit of bran, endosperm, and germ. Staple food and feed crop; 2026 world cereal output forecast at 2,979 million tonnes.
Grape
Grape, fruit of Vitis vinifera (grapevine), a climbing vine eaten fresh, dried as raisins, or made into wine and juice; 77.7 million t of fresh grapes in 2024, led by China, Italy, and the USA, with Near East domestication origin.
Grape syrup
Grape syrup, also called pekmez, petimezi, dibs, saba, or arrope, is a molasses-like sweetener made by boiling down unfermented grape juice, typically 65–80% soluble solids, with Roman roots (defrutum, sapa) and codex limits on its fructose/glucose ratio.
Grass
Grass, also known as the grasses, is the flowering plant family Poaceae (Gramineae), with about 760 genera and 12,000 species worldwide, including the staple crops wheat, rice, and maize.
Grevillea
Grevillea is a genus of about 360 to 400 species of shrubs and trees in the Proteaceae family, nearly all endemic to Australia and grown for their bird-attracting flowers.
Grewia
Grewia is a genus of Malvaceae shrubs and small trees of the tropical Old World, named for Nehemiah Grew; about 276 accepted species, including phalsa (Grewia asiatica), yield edible fruit, fiber, and medicinal phytochemicals.
Grex (horticulture)
Grex (gx, plural grexes) is the parentage-based name for all offspring of a specific orchid hybrid cross, including its reciprocal; registered with the RHS International Orchid Register, begun with Calanthe Dominii in 1858, distinct from cultivar and Group ranks.
Grits
Grits: coarsely ground corn, usually dent corn or nixtamalized hominy, boiled into porridge; a staple of Southern U.S. cuisine with Indigenous, African American, and European roots, known for shrimp and grits and distinguished from Italian polenta.
Groat (grain)
Groat (grain): the hulled kernel of cereal grains such as oats, wheat, rye, and barley, retaining bran, germ, and endosperm. Oat groats yield steel-cut, rolled, and Scottish oats; less processing means longer cooking and lower glycemic index.
Grove (nature)
Grove (nature): a small group of trees, wild or planted, distinct from a forest by extent and lack of undergrowth; also sacred groves protected by religion worldwide.
Guadua
Guadua is a genus of thorny, clumping, woody bamboo native from Mexico to southern tropical America and Trinidad, best known through Guadua angustifolia, the timber bamboo used in regulated construction in Colombia and Ecuador.
Guadua angustifolia
Guadua angustifolia, known as Colombian timber bamboo or simply guadua, is a large thorny bamboo native to South America and its most important timber bamboo.
Guarea
Guarea (F.Allam. ex L., nom. cons., 1771) is a Neotropical genus of Meliaceae trees, second largest American mahogany genus after Trichilia, with about 70 species from Mexico to Argentina, terminal-bud leaves, bird-dispersed sarcotestate seeds, and limonoid-rich chemistry.
Guava
Guava (Amrood, Peyara) is a tropical fruit tree of the myrtle family, an evergreen shrub or small tree grown throughout the tropics for its sweet aromatic fruit.
Guazuma
Guazuma is a genus of four Malvaceae tree species native to Mexico and tropical America; its best-known species, G. ulmifolia (mutamba, West Indian elm), provides timber, livestock forage, and medicinal proanthocyanidins.
Guazuma ulmifolia
Guazuma ulmifolia (West Indian elm, bastard cedar, mutamba, guácimo) is a neotropical Malvaceae tree from Mexico to tropical America, a Least Concern multipurpose timber, fodder, fuel, and medicinal species with tannin-rich bark.
Guizotia
Guizotia is an African Asteraceae genus of seven species, including the oilseed crop niger or noug (Guizotia abyssinica), cultivated in Ethiopia and India for linoleic-acid-rich edible oil, birdseed, and animal feed.
Guzmania
Guzmania (Ruiz & Pav.), bromeliad genus in Tillandsioideae, about 215 species of tank epiphytes from Florida and Mexico to Brazil and Peru, mostly cloud forests; type species G. tricolor, named for Anastasio Guzmán.
Gymnadenia
Gymnadenia, including the former genus Nigritella, is a genus of Eurasian terrestrial orchids with about 12 to 30 accepted species, distinguished by spurred flowers, x = 20 chromosomes, and recurrent polyploid radiation.
Gymnema sylvestre
Gymnema sylvestre (gurmar), an Apocynaceae liana native to the Old World tropics; its gymnemic acids block the human sweet receptor T1R2+T1R3 for 30-60 minutes and it is studied, so far in low-quality trials, for blood glucose lowering.
Gymnosperm
Gymnosperms (naked-seed plants): cycads, Ginkgo, conifers, and gnetophytes; seeds exposed on cones, not in fruits. About 1,100 species, mid-Devonian origin, Mesozoic dominance, taiga ecology, high extinction risk.
Gymnosporangium
Gymnosporangium, a genus of rust fungi (Pucciniales) causing cedar-apple rust, alternates between juniper/Cupressaceae telial hosts and apple-tribe (Maleae) aecial hosts; now placed in Gymnosporangiaceae, with over 64 species and a 24-month two-host life cycle.
Gynerium sagittatum
Gynerium sagittatum (wild cane, caña flecha, caña brava) is a giant Neotropical Poaceae grass from Mexico to tropical America; its fiber weaves the Colombian sombrero vueltiao and reinforces composites, and it is a high invasion risk in Florida.
Gynoecium
Gynoecium: the female reproductive whorl of a flower, made of one or more carpels (stigma, style, ovary). Apocarpous carpels are free, syncarpous fused; it becomes the fruit.
Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (jiaogulan, Amachazuru), a Cucurbitaceae climbing herb native to Asia, consumed as tea; contains gypenoside saponins related to ginsenosides, studied for glucose and lipid effects.
Gynura
Gynura (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), also spelled Compositae, is a paleotropical herb genus of about 58 species used as vegetables, ornamentals, and herbal medicines, but some species contain hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids causing HSOS.